UNC-Chapel Hill Climate Change Resources // Carolina Digital Repository

Works (784)

121. Evidence of exceptional oyster-reef resilience to fluctuations in sea level

Title Tesim:: Evidence of exceptional oyster-reef resilience to fluctuations in sea level
Creator:: Fodrie, F.J., Ridge, J.T., and Rodriguez, A.B.
Date of publication:: 2017
Abstract Tesim:: Ecosystems at the land–sea interface are vulnerable to rising sea level. Intertidal habitats must maintain their surface elevations with respect to sea level to persist via vertical growth or landward retreat, but projected rates of sea-level rise may exceed the accretion rates of many biogenic habitats. While considerable attention is focused on climate change over centennial timescales, relative sea level also fluctuates dramatically (10–30 cm) over month-to-year timescales due to interacting oceanic and atmospheric processes. To assess the response of oyster-reef (Crassostrea virginica) growth to interannual variations in mean sea level (MSL) and improve long-term forecasts of reef response to rising seas, we monitored the morphology of constructed and natural intertidal reefs over 5 years using terrestrial lidar. Timing of reef scans created distinct periods of high and low relative water level for decade-old reefs (n = 3) constructed in 1997 and 2000, young reefs (n = 11) constructed in 2011 and one natural reef (approximately 100 years old). Changes in surface elevation were related to MSL trends. Decade-old reefs achieved 2 cm/year growth, which occurred along higher elevations when MSL increased. Young reefs experienced peak growth (6.7 cm/year) at a lower elevation that coincided with a drop in MSL. The natural reef exhibited considerable loss during the low MSL of the first time step but grew substantially during higher MSL through the second time step, with growth peaking (4.3 cm/year) at MSL, reoccupying the elevations previously lost. Oyster reefs appear to be in dynamic equilibrium with short-term (month-to-year) fluctuations in sea level, evidencing notable resilience to future changes to sea level that surpasses other coastal biogenic habitat types. These growth patterns support the presence of a previously defined optimal growth zone that shifts correspondingly with changes in MSL, which can help guide oyster-reef conservation and restoration.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/s94a-rv80
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3473
ISSN:: 2045-7758
Journal Issue:: 23
Journal Title:: Ecology and Evolution
Journal Volume:: 7
Keyword:: estuarine, Crassostrea virginica, green infrastructure, oyster reefs, accretion, surface elevation, sea level, and coastal resilience
Language Label:: English
License Label:: Attribution 4.0 International
Page End:: 10420
Page Start:: 10409
Person:: Fodrie, F.J., Ridge, J.T., and Rodriguez, A.B.
Publisher:: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: joel_fodrie_28

122. Trait sensitivities to seagrass fragmentation across spatial scales shape benthic community structure

Title Tesim:: Trait sensitivities to seagrass fragmentation across spatial scales shape benthic community structure
Creator:: Fodrie, F.J., Yeager, L.A., and Geyer, J.K.
Date of publication:: 2019
Abstract Tesim:: The structure of local ecological communities is thought to be determined by a series of hierarchical abiotic and biotic filters which select for or against species based on their traits. Many human impacts, like fragmentation, serve to alter environmental conditions across a range of spatial scales and may impact trait–environment interactions. We examined the effects of environmental variation associated with habitat fragmentation of seagrass habitat measured from microhabitat to landscape scales in controlling the taxonomic and trait-based community structure of benthic fauna. We measured patterns in species abundance and biomass of seagrass epifauna and infauna sampled using sediment cores from 86 sites (across 21 meadows) in Back Sound, North Carolina, USA. We related local faunal community structure to environmental variation measured at three spatial scales (microhabitat, patch and landscape). Additionally, we tested the value of species traits in predicting species-specific responses to habitat fragmentation across scales. While univariate measures of faunal communities (i.e. total density, biomass and species richness) were positively related to microhabitat-scale seagrass biomass only, overall community structure was predicted by environmental variation at the microhabitat, patch (i.e. patch size) and landscape (i.e. number of patches, landscape seagrass area) scales. Furthermore, fourth-corner analysis revealed that species traits explained as much variation in organismal densities as species identity. For example, species with planktonic-dispersing larvae and deposit-feeding trophic modes were more abundant in contiguous, high seagrass cover landscapes while suspension feeders favoured more fragmented landscapes. We present quantitative evidence supporting hierarchal models of community assembly which predict that interactions between species traits and environmental variation across scales ultimately drive local community composition. Variable responses of individual traits to multiple environmental variables suggest that community assembly processes that act on species via traits related to dispersal, mobility and trophic mode will be altered under habitat fragmentation. Additionally, with increasing global temperatures, the tropical seagrass Halodule wrightii is predicted to replace the temperate Zostera marina as the dominate seagrass in our study region, therefore potentially favouring species with planktonic-dispersing larva and weakening the strength of environmental control on community assembly.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/xa6b-p693
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13067
ISSN:: 0021-8790
Journal Issue:: 11
Journal Title:: Journal of Animal Ecology
Journal Volume:: 88
Keyword:: spatial scale, biodiversity, habitat fragmentation, community assembly, and functional traits
Language Label:: English
Other Affiliation:: University of Texas at Austin
Page End:: 1754
Page Start:: 1743
Person:: Fodrie, F.J., Yeager, L.A., and Geyer, J.K.
Publisher:: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: joel_fodrie_23

123. Joint effects of patch edges and habitat degradation on faunal predation risk in a widespread marine foundation species

Title Tesim:: Joint effects of patch edges and habitat degradation on faunal predation risk in a widespread marine foundation species
Creator:: Nakaoka, M., Duffy, J.E., Cimon, S., Jorgensen, P., Reynolds, P., O'Connor, N.E., Boyer, K.E., Hori, M., Fodrie, F.J., Tomas, F., Stachowicz, J.J., Lee, K.-S., Hereu, C.M., Boström, C., Cusson, M., Rossi, F., Hovel, K.A., Kruschel, C., Gagnon, K., Ziegler, S., and Ruesink, J.
Date of publication:: 2021
Abstract Tesim:: Human activities degrade and fragment coastal marine habitats, reducing their structural complexity and making habitat edges a prevalent seascape feature. Though habitat edges frequently are implicated in reduced faunal survival and biodiversity, results of experiments on edge effects have been inconsistent, calling for a mechanistic approach to the study of edges that explicitly includes indirect and interactive effects of habitat alteration at multiple scales across biogeographic gradients. We used an experimental network spanning 17 eelgrass (Zostera marina) sites across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the Mediterranean Sea to determine (1) if eelgrass edges consistently increase faunal predation risk, (2) whether edge effects on predation risk are altered by habitat degradation (shoot thinning), and (3) whether variation in the strength of edge effects among sites can be explained by biogeographical variability in covarying eelgrass habitat features. Contrary to expectations, at most sites, predation risk for tethered crustaceans (crabs or shrimps) was lower along patch edges than in patch interiors, regardless of the extent of habitat degradation. However, the extent to which edges reduced predation risk, compared to the patch interior, was correlated with the extent to which edges supported higher eelgrass structural complexity and prey biomass compared to patch interiors. This suggests an indirect component to edge effects in which the impact of edge proximity on predation risk is mediated by the effect of edges on other key biotic factors. Our results suggest that studies on edge effects should consider structural characteristics of patch edges, which may vary geographically, and multiple ways that humans degrade habitats.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/wng7-vm70
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3316
ISSN:: 0012-9658
Journal Issue:: 5
Journal Title:: Ecology
Journal Volume:: 102
Keyword:: predation, structural complexity, Zostera marina, seascape ecology, edge effects, patch, seagrass, and habitat structure
Language Label:: English
Other Affiliation:: Hokkaido University, Smithsonian Institution, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Geomare AC, University of California, Davis, Queen's University Belfast, San Francisco State University, Fisheries Research Agency, Oregon State University, Pusan National University, UABC, Åbo Akademi University, Université de la Cote d'Azur, San Diego State University, University of Zadar, College of William and Mary, and University of Washington
Person:: Nakaoka, M., Duffy, J.E., Cimon, S., Jorgensen, P., Reynolds, P., O'Connor, N.E., Boyer, K.E., Hori, M., Fodrie, F.J., Tomas, F., Stachowicz, J.J., Lee, K.-S., Hereu, C.M., Boström, C., Cusson, M., Rossi, F., Hovel, K.A., Kruschel, C., Gagnon, K., Ziegler, S., and Ruesink, J.
Publisher:: Ecological Society of America
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: joel_fodrie_13

124. Reversing a tyranny of cascading shoreline-protection decisions driving coastal habitat loss

Title Tesim:: Reversing a tyranny of cascading shoreline-protection decisions driving coastal habitat loss
Creator:: Scyphers, S.B., Fodrie, F.J., Baillie, C.J., Brodmerkel, A., Livernois, M., Gittman, R.K., Poray, A.K., Grabowski, J.H., and Smith, C.S.
Date of publication:: 2021
Abstract Tesim:: Shoreline hardening is a major driver of biodiversity and habitat loss in coastal ecosystems yet remains a common approach to coastal management globally. Using surveys of waterfront residents in North Carolina, USA, we sought to identify factors influencing individual shore-protection decisions and ultimately impacting coastal ecosystems, particularly coastal wetlands. We found that neighboring shore condition was the best predictor of respondent shore condition. Respondents with hardened shorelines were more likely to have neighbors with hardened shorelines, and to report that neighbors influenced their shore-protection choices than respondents with natural shorelines. Further, respondents who expressed climate-change skepticism and preference for shoreline hardening were opposed to shoreline-hardening restrictions. Despite preferring hardening, respondents ranked wetlands as highly valuable for storm protection and other ecosystem services, suggesting a disconnect between the ecological knowledge of individuals and social norms of shore-protection decisions. However, our results also suggest that efforts to increase the installation of living shorelines have the potential to conserve and restore important coastal habitats and support biodiversity along shorelines that may otherwise be degraded by hardening. Further, encouraging waterfront-property owners who have adopted living shorelines to recommend them to neighbors may be an effective strategy to initiate and reinforce pro-conservation social norms.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/nx36-zv06
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/csp2.490
ISSN:: 2578-4854
Journal Issue:: 9
Journal Title:: Conservation Science and Practice
Journal Volume:: 3
Keyword:: green infrastructure, nature-based approach, coastal protection, bulkhead, tyranny of small decisions, ecosystem service, marsh, and neighbor interactions
Language Label:: English
License Label:: Attribution 4.0 International
Other Affiliation:: Northeastern University, East Carolina University, Texas A&M University at Galveston, and Duke University Marine Lab
Person:: Scyphers, S.B., Fodrie, F.J., Baillie, C.J., Brodmerkel, A., Livernois, M., Gittman, R.K., Poray, A.K., Grabowski, J.H., and Smith, C.S.
Publisher:: Blackwell Publishing Inc.
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: joel_fodrie_5

125. Coastal squeeze on temperate reefs: Long-term shifts in salinity, water quality, and oyster-associated communities

Title Tesim:: Coastal squeeze on temperate reefs: Long-term shifts in salinity, water quality, and oyster-associated communities
Creator:: Fieseler, C.M., Zhang, Y.S., Tice-Lewis, M., Redding, S.G., Rodriguez, A.B., Fodrie, F.J., Walker, Q.A., and Lindquist, N.L.
Date of publication:: 2022
Abstract Tesim:: Foundation species, such as mangroves, saltmarshes, kelps, seagrasses, and oysters, thrive within suitable environmental envelopes as narrow ribbons along the land–sea margin. Therefore, these habitat-forming species and resident fauna are sensitive to modified environmental gradients. For oysters, many estuaries impacted by sea-level rise, channelization, and municipal infrastructure are experiencing saltwater intrusion and water-quality degradation that may alter reef distributions, functions, and services. To explore decadal-scale oyster–reef community patterns across a temperate estuary in response to environmental change, we resampled reefs in the Newport River Estuary (NRE) during 2013–2015 that had previously been studied during 1955–1956. We also coalesced historical NRE reef distribution (1880s–2015), salinity (1913–2015), and water-quality-driven shellfish closure boundary (1970s–2015) data to document environmental trends that could influence reef ecology and service delivery. Over the last 60–120 years, the entire NRE has shifted toward higher salinities. Consequently, oyster–reef communities have become less distinct across the estuary, manifest by 20%–27% lower species turnover and decreased faunal richness among NRE reefs in the 2010s relative to the 1950s. During the 2010s, NRE oyster–reef communities tended to cluster around a euhaline, intertidal-reef type more so than during the 1950s. This followed faunal expansions farther up estuary and biological degradation of subtidal reefs as NRE conditions became more marine and favorable for aggressive, reef-destroying taxa. In addition to these biological shifts, the area of suitable bottom on which subtidal reefs persist (contracting due to up-estuary intrusion of marine waters) and support human harvest (driven by water quality, eroding from up-estuary) has decreased by >75% since the natural history of NRE reefs was first explored. This “coastal squeeze” on harvestable subtidal oysters (reduced from a 4.5-km to a 0.75-km envelope along the NRE's main axis) will likely have consequences regarding the economic incentives for future oyster conservation, as well as the suite of services delivered by remaining shellfish reefs (e.g., biodiversity maintenance, seafood supply). More broadly, these findings exemplify how “squeeze” may be a pervasive concern for biogenic habitats along terrestrial or marine ecotones during an era of intense global change.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/8kaf-ms90
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eap.2609
ISSN:: 1051-0761
Journal Issue:: 5
Journal Title:: Ecological Applications
Journal Volume:: 32
Keyword:: sea-level rise, water quality, environmental stress gradients, shellfish closures, coastal narrowing, saltwater intrusion, ecotones, and community assembly
Language Label:: English
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: , National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
Person:: Fieseler, C.M., Zhang, Y.S., Tice-Lewis, M., Redding, S.G., Rodriguez, A.B., Fodrie, F.J., Walker, Q.A., and Lindquist, N.L.
Publisher:: Ecological Society of America
Source:: joel_fodrie_2

126. Accelerated Research Scholar Summer Environmental Program Presentation

Title Tesim:: Accelerated Research Scholar Summer Environmental Program Presentation
Creator:: Kelly, Caroline
Date of publication:: August 14, 2022
Abstract Tesim:: Over the course of this past summer, I had the opportunity to research the status of Bluff Mountain Preserve to gain a better sense of community feedback, from those directly involved with preservation work through The Nature Conservancy and those outside the organization. According to my mentor for the research project, Sydney Bezanson, there appears to be varying levels of distrust with the people of Ashe County, North Carolina, and surrounding communities regarding the Bluff Mountain Preserve and its purpose. TNC has a lack of qualitative data from this region within this specific sector and was in need of a researcher to fill in the gaps for future project development. Over the course of 180 hours of research, I compiled analysis from respondents to interview on initial opinions on the reserve, changes they would like to have implemented, and suggested next steps for TNC. Bluff Mountain is located along the Appalachian Trail above the Great Smoky Mountains, a key North American refuge for flora and fauna with exceptional temperate-zone biodiversity. In comparison to the Great Smoky Mountains, Bluff Mountain lacks a lot of key, integral research and advocacy, in part because the mountain is not part of a National Park. Shortly after TNC’s North Carolina Chapter office opened in 1977, staff began working with the Wyn Edwards and Mac Edwards families of West Jefferson, Bluff’s owners, to explore a way to protect the fragile area (part of the ancient Amphibolite range) for conservation. TNC purchased 701 acres of Bluff from the Edwards family in 1978 (The Nature Conservancy, 2022). TNC continues to work to protect this entire natural area, currently managing over 3,800 acres as Bluff Mountain Preserve. The preserve is gated and not open to the public, aside from scheduled guided hikes via online registration. Trespassing has been an issue at this site, which is both a safety issue and threatens the species that seek refuge there. TNC staff who perform maintenance activities are not local. However, longtime volunteers remain in the area.
Affiliation Label Tesim:: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Type:: http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/kem7-0a70
Language Label:: English
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
Person:: Kelly, Caroline
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright

127. Changing spatial distribution of fish stocks in relation to climate and population size on the Northeast United States continental shelf

Title Tesim:: Changing spatial distribution of fish stocks in relation to climate and population size on the Northeast United States continental shelf
Creator:: Link, J.S., Nye, J.A., Overholtz, W.J., and Hare, J.A.
Date of publication:: 2009
Abstract Tesim:: We tested the hypothesis that recent oceanographic changes associated with climate change in the Northeast United States continental shelf ecosystem have caused a change in spatial distribution of marine fish. To do this, we analyzed temporal trends from 1968 to 2007 in the mean center of biomass, mean depth, mean temperature of occurrence, and area occupied in each of 36 fish stocks. Temporal trends in distribution were compared to time series of both local-and large-scale environmental variables, as well as estimates of survey abundance. Many stocks spanning several taxonomic groups, life-history strategies, and rates of fishing exhibited a poleward shift in their center of biomass, most with a simultaneous increase in depth, and a few with a concomitant expansion of their northern range. However, distributional changes were highly dependent on the biogeography of each species. Stocks located in the southern extent of the survey area exhibited much greater poleward shifts in center of biomass and some occupied habitats at increasingly greater depths. In contrast, minimal changes in the center of biomass were observed in stocks with distributions limited to the Gulf of Maine, but mean depth of these stocks increased while stock size decreased. Largescale temperature increase and changes in circulation, represented by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, was the most important factor associated with shifts in the mean center of biomass. Stock size was more often correlated with the total area occupied by each species. These changes in spatial distribution of fish stocks are likely to persist such that stock structure should be re-evaluated for some species.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/94ek-s208
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08220
ISSN:: 0171-8630
Journal Title:: Marine Ecology Progress Series
Journal Volume:: 393
Keyword:: Northeast United States continental shelf, Biogeography, Distribution, Climate change, and Center of biomass
Language Label:: English
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: National Marine Fisheries Service
Page End:: 129
Page Start:: 111
Person:: Link, J.S., Nye, J.A., Overholtz, W.J., and Hare, J.A.
Source:: janet_nye_19

128. Shifting species assemblages in the Northeast US Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem

Title Tesim:: Shifting species assemblages in the Northeast US Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem
Creator:: Lucey, S.M. and Nye, J.A.
Date of publication:: 2010
Abstract Tesim:: The Northeast US Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem (NES LME) has experienced 2 major pressures: fishing and climate. The magnitude and rate of response to these pressures are species-specific and depend on each individual species' behavior, physiology and life histories. Thus, species assemblages can be expected to change as a result of the sum of each individual species' response. In previous studies, distinct species assemblages have been identified in each of the 4 subregions by which the NES LME has traditionally been assessed: Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB), Southern New England (SNE), Georges Bank (GB), and Gulf of Maine (GOM). In this study, we confirm that each subregion has a distinct species assemblage, but found that those assemblages are shifting over time. The shift appears to be towards species that prefer warmer water. The result is a species assemblage within each subregion that more closely resembles the historic assemblage found in the adjacent subregion to the south. These shifts have occurred in response to a combination of both fishing and climate, and are highly nonlinear. Therefore, current reductions in fishing pressure may not be adequate to return the system to a more historic species assemblage.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/5g91-1456
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08743
ISSN:: 0171-8630
Journal Title:: Marine Ecology Progress Series
Journal Volume:: 415
Keyword:: Northeast US continental shelf large marine ecosystem, Fishing pressure, SIMPER, Species distribution, ANOSIM, Non-metric multidimensional scaling, and Climate effect
Language Label:: English
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: National Marine Fisheries Service
Page End:: 33
Page Start:: 23
Person:: Lucey, S.M. and Nye, J.A.
Source:: janet_nye_18

129. Silver hake tracks changes in Northwest Atlantic circulation

Title Tesim:: Silver hake tracks changes in Northwest Atlantic circulation
Creator:: Kwon, Y.-O., Joyce, T.M., Nye, J.A., and Link, J.S.
Date of publication:: 2011
Abstract Tesim:: Recent studies documenting shifts in spatial distribution of many organisms in response to a warming climate highlight the need to understand the mechanisms underlying species distribution at large spatial scales. Here we present one noteworthy example of remote oceanographic processes governing the spatial distribution of adult silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis, a commercially important fish in the Northeast US shelf region. Changes in spatial distribution of silver hake over the last 40 years are highly correlated with the position of the Gulf Stream. These changes in distribution are in direct response to local changes in bottom temperature on the continental shelf that are responding to the same large scale circulation change affecting the Gulf Stream path, namely changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). If the AMOC weakens, as is suggested by global climate models, silver hake distribution will remain in a poleward position, the extent to which could be forecast at both decadal and multidecadal scales.
Resource type:: Article
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/459g-5b32
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1420
ISSN:: 2041-1723
Journal Issue:: 1
Journal Title:: Nature Communications
Journal Volume:: 2
Language Label:: English
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US Environmental Protection Agency, and NOAA NMFS Northeast Fisheries Science Center
Person:: Kwon, Y.-O., Joyce, T.M., Nye, J.A., and Link, J.S.
Source:: janet_nye_17

130. Fisheries management in a changing climate: Lessons from the 2012 ocean heat wave in the Northwest Atlantic

Title Tesim:: Fisheries management in a changing climate: Lessons from the 2012 ocean heat wave in the Northwest Atlantic
Creator:: Brown, C.J., Chiang, F.-S., Nye, J.A., Sun, J.C., Chen, Y., Thomas, A.C., Holland, D.S., Mills, K.E., Wahle, R.A., Pershing, A.J., and Lehuta, S.
Date of publication:: 2013
Abstract Tesim:: Climate change became real for many Americans in 2012 when a record heat wave affected much of the United States, and Superstorm Sandy pounded the Northeast. At the same time, a less visible heat wave was occurring over a large portion of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Like the heat wave on land, the ocean heat wave affected coastal ecosystems and economies. Marine species responded to warmer temperatures by shifting their geographic distribution and seasonal cycles. Warm-water species moved northward, and some species undertook local migrations earlier in the season, both of which affected fisheries targeting those species. Extreme events are expected to become more common as climate change progresses (Tebaldi et al., 2006; Hansen et al., 2012). The 2012 Northwest Atlantic heat wave provides valuable insights into ways scientific information streams and fishery management frameworks may need to adapt to be effective as ocean temperatures warm and become more variable
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/7par-4f41
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.27
ISSN:: 1042-8275
Journal Issue:: 2
Journal Title:: Oceanography
Journal Volume:: 26
Language Label:: English
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: Gulf of Maine Research Institute, National Taiwan Ocean University, Stony Brook University, University of Maine, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Institut Français pour la Recherche et l'Exploitation de la Mer
Person:: Brown, C.J., Chiang, F.-S., Nye, J.A., Sun, J.C., Chen, Y., Thomas, A.C., Holland, D.S., Mills, K.E., Wahle, R.A., Pershing, A.J., and Lehuta, S.
Source:: janet_nye_16

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