UNC-Chapel Hill Climate Change Resources // Carolina Digital Repository

Works (753)

41. Climate Change, Public Health and Human Rights

Title Tesim:: Climate Change, Public Health and Human Rights
Creator:: Meier, Benjamin Mason, Gostin, Lawrence O., and Bustreo, Flavia
Date of publication:: 2022
Abstract Tesim:: Climate change poses a cataclysmic threat to public health and human rights. Global health is inextricably linked to planetary health, with a changing climate influencing the conditions necessary for human health and safety while undermining a range of human rights. International legal agreements to mitigate emissions—from the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) through the 2015 Paris Agreement and into the 2021 Glasgow Climate Pact—have faced limitations in ameliorating the public health threats caused by the unfolding climate crisis. These inequitable health threats pose sweeping implications for health-related human rights, especially in low- and middleincome countries, with environmental degradation challenging the most fundamental conditions for human life and the individual rights of the most vulnerable populations. As public health concerns begin to be considered in climate change responses, human rights can provide a legal path to support international mitigation efforts and health system adaptation to address both the direct and indirect public health impacts of climate change. This Special Issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health addresses the dynamic balance between global health and climate justice, bringing together policy analysis and empirical research to examine the public health threats of climate change and consider the human rights advancements necessary to frame policies for mitigation and adaptation.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Gillings School of Global Public Health
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/es2g-ys16
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113744
ISSN:: 1660-4601
Journal Issue:: 21
Journal Title:: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Journal Volume:: 19
Language Label:: English
License Label:: Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: , Georgetown Law, and Fondation Botnar
Person:: Meier, Benjamin Mason, Gostin, Lawrence O., and Bustreo, Flavia
Source:: covid_oa_2022-11-04_10

42. New Opportunities and Untapped Scientific Potential in the Abyssal Ocean

Title Tesim:: New Opportunities and Untapped Scientific Potential in the Abyssal Ocean
Creator:: Seewald, J.S., Soule, S.A., Wanless, V.D., Reysenbach, A.-L., Marlow, J.J., Teske, A.P., Shank, T.M., and Anderson, R.E.
Date of publication:: 2022
Abstract Tesim:: The abyssal ocean covers more than half of the Earth’s surface, yet remains understudied and underappreciated. In this Perspectives article, we mark the occasion of the Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin’s increased depth range (from 4500 to 6500 m) to highlight the scientific potential of the abyssal seafloor. From a geologic perspective, ultra-slow spreading mid-ocean ridges, Petit Spot volcanism, transform faults, and subduction zones put the full life cycle of oceanic crust on display in the abyss, revealing constructive and destructive forces over wide ranges in time and space. Geochemically, the abyssal pressure regime influences the solubility of constituents such as silica and carbonate, and extremely high-temperature fluid-rock reactions in the shallow subsurface lead to distinctive and potentially unique geochemical profiles. Microbial residents range from low-abundance, low-energy communities on the abyssal plains to fast growing thermophiles at hydrothermal vents. Given its spatial extent and position as an intermediate zone between coastal and deep hadal settings, the abyss represents a lynchpin in global-scale processes such as nutrient and energy flux, population structure, and biogeographic diversity. Taken together, the abyssal ocean contributes critical ecosystem services while facing acute and diffuse anthropogenic threats from deep-sea mining, pollution, and climate change.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Department of Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/2s6g-cn57
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.798943
ISSN:: 2296-7745
Journal Title:: Frontiers in Marine Science
Journal Volume:: 8
Keyword:: microbiology, ecology, geochemistry, geology, and abyssal ocean
Language Label:: English
License Label:: Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, University of Rhode Island, Boise State University, Portland State University, Boston University, , and Carleton College
Person:: Seewald, J.S., Soule, S.A., Wanless, V.D., Reysenbach, A.-L., Marlow, J.J., Teske, A.P., Shank, T.M., and Anderson, R.E.
Publisher:: Frontiers Media S.A.
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: andreas_teske_1

43. Mitigating harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a human- and climatically-impacted world

Title Tesim:: Mitigating harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a human- and climatically-impacted world
Creator:: Paerl, H.W.
Date of publication:: 2014
Abstract Tesim:: Bloom-forming harmful cyanobacteria (CyanoHABs) are harmful from environmental, ecological and human health perspectives by outcompeting beneficial phytoplankton, creating low oxygen conditions (hypoxia, anoxia), and by producing cyanotoxins. Cyanobacterial genera exhibit optimal growth rates and bloom potentials at relatively high water temperatures; hence, global warming plays a key role in their expansion and persistence. CyanoHABs are regulated by synergistic effects of nutrient (nitrogen:N and phosphorus:P) supplies, light, temperature, vertical stratification, water residence times, and biotic interactions. In most instances, nutrient control strategies should focus on reducing both N and P inputs. Strategies based on physical, chemical (nutrient) and biological manipulations can be effective in reducing CyanoHABs; however, these strategies are largely confined to relatively small systems, and some are prone to ecological and environmental drawbacks, including enhancing release of cyanotoxins, disruption of planktonic and benthic communities and fisheries habitat. All strategies should consider and be adaptive to climatic variability and change in order to be effective for long-term control of CyanoHABs. Rising temperatures and greater hydrologic variability will increase growth rates and alter critical nutrient thresholds for CyanoHAB development; thus, nutrient reductions for bloom control may need to be more aggressively pursued in response to climatic changes globally.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/5k0y-zz05
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life4040988
ISSN:: 2075-1729
Journal Issue:: 4
Journal Title:: Life
Journal Volume:: 4
Keyword:: Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Harmful cyanobacteria, Climate change, Water quality management, and Mitigation
Language Label:: English
License Label:: Attribution 4.0 International
Page End:: 1012
Page Start:: 988
Person:: Paerl, H.W.
Publisher:: MDPI AG
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_79

44. Mitigating harmful cyanobacterial blooms: strategies for control of nitrogen and phosphorus loads

Title Tesim:: Mitigating harmful cyanobacterial blooms: strategies for control of nitrogen and phosphorus loads
Creator:: Salmaso, N., Hamilton, D.P., and Paerl, H.W.
Date of publication:: 2016
Abstract Tesim:: Harmful blooms of cyanobacteria (CyanoHABs) have increased globally and cyanotoxins associated with some CyanoHAB species pose serious health risks for animals and humans. CyanoHABs are sensitive to supply rates of both nitrogen and phosphorus, but sensitivity may vary among species (e.g., between diazotrophic and non-diazotrophic species) and a range of physiographic and environmental factors. A sustainable approach to manage CyanoHABs is therefore to limit the supply of nitrogen and phosphorus from catchments to receiving waters. Alternative approaches of within-lake treatment have increased risks and large capital and operational expenditure. The need to manage catchment nutrient loads will intensify with climate change, due to expected increases in nutrient remineralization rates, alteration in hydrological regimes, and increases in lake water temperature and density stratification. Many CyanoHAB species have physiological features that enable them to benefit from the effects of climate change, including positive buoyancy or buoyancy control, high replication rates at elevated water temperature, and nutrient uptake strategies adapted for the intermittency of nutrient supply with greater hydrological variability expected in the future. Greater attention needs to be focused on nonpoint sources of nutrients, including source control, particularly maintaining nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural soils at or below agronomic optimum levels, and enhancing natural attenuation processes in water and solute transport pathways. Efforts to achieve effective catchment management and avert the dire ecological, human health and economic consequences of CyanoHABs must be intensified in an era of anthropogenically driven environmental change arising from increasing human population, climate change and agricultural intensification.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/sgc1-gf29
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10452-016-9594-z
ISSN:: 1386-2588
Journal Issue:: 3
Journal Title:: Aquatic Ecology
Journal Volume:: 50
Keyword:: Land use change, Nitrogen, Climate change, Phosphorus, CyanoHABs, Lakes, and Cyanotoxins
Language Label:: English
Other Affiliation:: Fondazione Edmund Mach and University of Waikato
Page End:: 366
Page Start:: 351
Person:: Salmaso, N., Hamilton, D.P., and Paerl, H.W.
Publisher:: Springer Netherlands
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_77

45. How rising CO2 and global warming may stimulate harmful cyanobacterial blooms

Title Tesim:: How rising CO2 and global warming may stimulate harmful cyanobacterial blooms
Creator:: Paerl, H.W., Visser, P.M., Davis, T.W., Matthijs, H.C.P., Stal, L.J., Huisman, J., Sandrini, G., and Verspagen, J.M.H.
Date of publication:: 2016
Abstract Tesim:: Climate change is likely to stimulate the development of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waters, with negative consequences for water quality of many lakes, reservoirs and brackish ecosystems across the globe. In addition to effects of temperature and eutrophication, recent research has shed new light on the possible implications of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Depletion of dissolved CO2 by dense cyanobacterial blooms creates a concentration gradient across the air–water interface. A steeper gradient at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations will lead to a greater influx of CO2, which can be intercepted by surface-dwelling blooms, thus intensifying cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waters. Bloom-forming cyanobacteria display an unexpected diversity in CO2 responses, because different strains combine their uptake systems for CO2 and bicarbonate in different ways. The genetic composition of cyanobacterial blooms may therefore shift. In particular, strains with high-flux carbon uptake systems may benefit from the anticipated rise in inorganic carbon availability. Increasing temperatures also stimulate cyanobacterial growth. Many bloom-forming cyanobacteria and also green algae have temperature optima above 25 °C, often exceeding the temperature optima of diatoms and dinoflagellates. Analysis of published data suggests that the temperature dependence of the growth rate of cyanobacteria exceeds that of green algae. Indirect effects of elevated temperature, like an earlier onset and longer duration of thermal stratification, may also shift the competitive balance in favor of buoyant cyanobacteria while eukaryotic algae are impaired by higher sedimentation losses. Furthermore, cyanobacteria differ from eukaryotic algae in that they can fix dinitrogen, and new insights show that the nitrogen-fixation activity of heterocystous cyanobacteria can be strongly stimulated at elevated temperatures. Models and lake studies indicate that the response of cyanobacterial growth to rising CO2 concentrations and elevated temperatures can be suppressed by nutrient limitation. The greatest response of cyanobacterial blooms to climate change is therefore expected to occur in eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/esnp-mn72
Edition:: Postprint
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.12.006
ISSN:: 1568-9883
Journal Title:: Harmful Algae
Journal Volume:: 54
Keyword:: Harmful algal blooms, Climate change, Lakes, Temperature, Cyanobacteria, and Rising CO2
Language Label:: English
Other Affiliation:: University of Amsterdam and NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
Page End:: 159
Page Start:: 145
Person:: Paerl, H.W., Visser, P.M., Davis, T.W., Matthijs, H.C.P., Stal, L.J., Huisman, J., Sandrini, G., and Verspagen, J.M.H.
Publisher:: Elsevier B.V.
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_73

46. Climate Change Impacts on Harmful Algal Blooms in U.S. Freshwaters: A Screening-Level Assessment

Title Tesim:: Climate Change Impacts on Harmful Algal Blooms in U.S. Freshwaters: A Screening-Level Assessment
Creator:: Martinich, J., Paerl, H.W., Fant, C., Jantarasami, L., Strzepek, K.M., Mills, D., Rennels, L., Mas, D.M.L., Bierman, V.J., Chapra, S.C., Henderson, J., and Boehlert, B.
Date of publication:: 2017
Abstract Tesim:: Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) have serious adverse effects on human and environmental health. Herein, we developed a modeling framework that predicts the effect of climate change on cyanobacteria concentrations in large reservoirs in the contiguous U.S. The framework, which uses climate change projections from five global circulation models, two greenhouse gas emission scenarios, and two cyanobacterial growth scenarios, is unique in coupling climate projections with a hydrologic/water quality network model of the contiguous United States. Thus, it generates both regional and nationwide projections useful as a screening-level assessment of climate impacts on CyanoHAB prevalence as well as potential lost recreation days and associated economic value. Our projections indicate that CyanoHAB concentrations are likely to increase primarily due to water temperature increases tempered by increased nutrient levels resulting from changing demographics and climatic impacts on hydrology that drive nutrient transport. The combination of these factors results in the mean number of days of CyanoHAB occurrence ranging from about 7 days per year per waterbody under current conditions, to 16-23 days in 2050 and 18-39 days in 2090. From a regional perspective, we find the largest increases in CyanoHAB occurrence in the Northeast U.S., while the greatest impacts to recreation, in terms of costs, are in the Southeast.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/tqyq-7q97
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01498
ISSN:: 0013-936X
Journal Issue:: 16
Journal Title:: Environmental Science and Technology
Journal Volume:: 51
Keyword:: Climate change impact, Nutrients, Climate change projections, Greenhouse effect, Water temperatures, Climate projection, Global circulation model, Algae control, Environmental health, Harmful algal blooms, Climate models, Greenhouse gases, and Nutrient transport
Language Label:: English
Other Affiliation:: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Economics Inc., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Abt Associ., Fuss and O'Neill Inc., LimnoTech, Tufts University, and Corona Environmental Consulting
Page End:: 8943
Page Start:: 8933
Person:: Martinich, J., Paerl, H.W., Fant, C., Jantarasami, L., Strzepek, K.M., Mills, D., Rennels, L., Mas, D.M.L., Bierman, V.J., Chapra, S.C., Henderson, J., and Boehlert, B.
Publisher:: American Chemical Society
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_62

47. The impact of flooding on aquatic ecosystem services

Title Tesim:: The impact of flooding on aquatic ecosystem services
Creator:: Bennett, E.M., Minor, E.C., Paerl, H., Raymond, P.A., Cassell, K., Wollheim, W., Xenopoulos, M.A., Hanes, D.M., Vargas, R., Vidon, P.G., and Talbot, C.J.
Date of publication:: 2018
Abstract Tesim:: Flooding is a major disturbance that impacts aquatic ecosystems and the ecosystem services that they provide. Predicted increases in global flood risk due to land use change and water cycle intensification will likely only increase the frequency and severity of these impacts. Extreme flooding events can cause loss of life and significant destruction to property and infrastructure, effects that are easily recognized and frequently reported in the media. However, flooding also has many other effects on people through freshwater aquatic ecosystem services, which often go unrecognized because they are less evident and can be difficult to evaluate. Here, we identify the effects that small magnitude frequently occurring floods (< 10-year recurrence interval) and extreme floods (> 100-year recurrence interval) have on ten aquatic ecosystem services through a systematic literature review. We focused on ecosystem services considered by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment including: (1) supporting services (primary production, soil formation), (2) regulating services (water regulation, water quality, disease regulation, climate regulation), (3) provisioning services (drinking water, food supply), and (4) cultural services (aesthetic value, recreation and tourism). The literature search resulted in 117 studies and each of the ten ecosystem services was represented by an average of 12 ± 4 studies. Extreme floods resulted in losses in almost every ecosystem service considered in this study. However, small floods had neutral or positive effects on half of the ecosystem services we considered. For example, small floods led to increases in primary production, water regulation, and recreation and tourism. Decision-making that preserves small floods while reducing the impacts of extreme floods can increase ecosystem service provision and minimize losses.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/qdd0-gj84
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0449-7
ISSN:: 0168-2563
Journal Issue:: 3
Journal Title:: Biogeochemistry
Journal Volume:: 141
Keyword:: Ecosystem services, Natural floods, Floodplains, Ecological functions, Freshwater, Extreme floods, Rivers, High discharge, and Floodwaters
Language Label:: English
License Label:: Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: McGill University, University of Minnesota Duluth, , Yale University, Yale School of Public Health, University of New Hampshire, Trent University, Saint Louis University, University of Delaware, and The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Page End:: 461
Page Start:: 439
Person:: Bennett, E.M., Minor, E.C., Paerl, H., Raymond, P.A., Cassell, K., Wollheim, W., Xenopoulos, M.A., Hanes, D.M., Vargas, R., Vidon, P.G., and Talbot, C.J.
Publisher:: Springer International Publishing
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_58

48. Why does N-limitation persist in the world's marine waters?

Title Tesim:: Why does N-limitation persist in the world's marine waters?
Creator:: Paerl, H.W.
Date of publication:: 2018
Abstract Tesim:: Primary production of vast regions of the world's estuarine, coastal and pelagic ocean waters is limited by availability of fixed nitrogen; this despite the fact that a highly diverse suite of microorganisms potentially capable of fixing N2 (eubacteria and cyanobacteria), inhabit these waters. Theoretically, diazotrophs should supply the N needs to balance the N required to support primary production, assuming other key limiting nutrients, phosphorus and iron, are available and energy requirements are met. In practice however, N2 fixation often does not meet ecosystem-scale N demands, even when these nutrients are replete. The problem lies with the fact that optimal rates of N2 fixation are often controlled by additional environmental factors, including light and organic matter availability, turbulence, and high levels of dissolved oxygen which can suppress this process in N-deplete surface waters. In addition, rates of N loss via denitrification and anammox can exceed N2 fixation and external N inputs on annual scales in coastal and pelagic waters, including those experiencing eutrophication. This creates a situation where chronic N limitation persists, even in the presence of anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment. Many aquatic ecosystems exhibit a perpetual “hunger” for fixed N to support primary and higher levels of production and this is likely to continue over forseeable biological and geologic timescales.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/9yjg-et62
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.09.001
ISSN:: 0304-4203
Journal Title:: Marine Chemistry
Journal Volume:: 206
Keyword:: Eutrophication, N2 fixation, Climate change, Denitrification, Cyanobacteria, and Nitrogen limitation
Language Label:: English
Page End:: 6
Page Start:: 1
Person:: Paerl, H.W.
Publisher:: Elsevier B.V.
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_57

49. Cyanobacterial blooms

Title Tesim:: Cyanobacterial blooms
Creator:: Codd, G.A., Ibelings, B.W., Verspagen, J.M.H., Paerl, H.W., Huisman, J., and Visser, P.M.
Date of publication:: 2018
Abstract Tesim:: Cyanobacteria can form dense and sometimes toxic blooms in freshwater and marine environments, which threaten ecosystem functioning and degrade water quality for recreation, drinking water, fisheries and human health. Here, we review evidence indicating that cyanobacterial blooms are increasing in frequency, magnitude and duration globally. We highlight species traits and environmental conditions that enable cyanobacteria to thrive and explain why eutrophication and climate change catalyse the global expansion of cyanobacterial blooms. Finally, we discuss management strategies, including nutrient load reductions, changes in hydrodynamics and chemical and biological controls, that can help to prevent or mitigate the proliferation of cyanobacterial blooms.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/ggjk-rs77
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0040-1
ISSN:: 1740-1526
Journal Issue:: 8
Journal Title:: Nature Reviews Microbiology
Journal Volume:: 16
Keyword:: Seawater, Fresh Water, Ecosystem, Climate Change, Cyanobacteria, and Eutrophication
Language Label:: English
Other Affiliation:: University of Stirling, University of Geneva, and University of Amsterdam
Page End:: 483
Page Start:: 471
Person:: Codd, G.A., Ibelings, B.W., Verspagen, J.M.H., Paerl, H.W., Huisman, J., and Visser, P.M.
Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_54

50. Effects of climatically-modulated changes in solar radiation and wind speed on spring phytoplankton community dynamics in Lake Taihu, China

Title Tesim:: Effects of climatically-modulated changes in solar radiation and wind speed on spring phytoplankton community dynamics in Lake Taihu, China
Creator:: Salmaso, N., Paerl, H.W., Zhang, Y., Qin, B., Deng, J., and Zhang, W.
Date of publication:: 2018
Abstract Tesim:: Many studies have focused on the interactive effects of temperature increases due to global warming and nutrient enrichment on phytoplankton communities. Recently, non-temperature effects of climate change (e.g., decreases in wind speed and increases in solar radiation) on large lakes have received increasing attention. To evaluate the relative contributions of both temperature and non-temperature effects on phytoplankton communities in a large eutrophic subtropical shallow lake, we analyzed long-term monitoring data from Lake Taihu, China from 1997 to 2016. Results showed that Lake Taihu's spring phytoplankton biovolume and composition changed dramatically over this time frame, with a change in dominant species. Stepwise multiple linear regression models indicated that spring phytoplankton biovolume was strongly influenced by total phosphorus (TP), light condition, wind speed and total nitrogen (TN) (radj 2= 0.8, p < 0.01). Partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) showed that light condition accounted for the greatest variation of phytoplankton community composition, followed by TP and wind speed, as well as the interactions between TP and wind speed. Our study points to the additional importance of non-temperature effects of climate change on phytoplankton community dynamics in Lake Taihu.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/4rr9-b509
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205260
ISSN:: 1932-6203
Journal Issue:: 10
Journal Title:: PLoS ONE
Journal Volume:: 13
Keyword:: China, Eutrophication, Seasons, Solar Energy, Lakes, Multivariate Analysis, Climate Change, Cyanobacteria, Biomass, Environmental Monitoring, Wind, and Phytoplankton
Language Label:: English
License Label:: Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: Fondazione Edmund Mach, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Shanghai Ocean University
Person:: Salmaso, N., Paerl, H.W., Zhang, Y., Qin, B., Deng, J., and Zhang, W.
Publisher:: Public Library of Science
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_53

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