UNC-Chapel Hill Climate Change Resources // Carolina Digital Repository

Works (783)

61. Cyanobacterial blooms

Title Tesim:: Cyanobacterial blooms
Creator:: Codd, G.A., Ibelings, B.W., Verspagen, J.M.H., Paerl, H.W., Huisman, J., and Visser, P.M.
Date of publication:: 2018
Abstract Tesim:: Cyanobacteria can form dense and sometimes toxic blooms in freshwater and marine environments, which threaten ecosystem functioning and degrade water quality for recreation, drinking water, fisheries and human health. Here, we review evidence indicating that cyanobacterial blooms are increasing in frequency, magnitude and duration globally. We highlight species traits and environmental conditions that enable cyanobacteria to thrive and explain why eutrophication and climate change catalyse the global expansion of cyanobacterial blooms. Finally, we discuss management strategies, including nutrient load reductions, changes in hydrodynamics and chemical and biological controls, that can help to prevent or mitigate the proliferation of cyanobacterial blooms.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/ggjk-rs77
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0040-1
ISSN:: 1740-1526
Journal Issue:: 8
Journal Title:: Nature Reviews Microbiology
Journal Volume:: 16
Keyword:: Seawater, Fresh Water, Ecosystem, Climate Change, Cyanobacteria, and Eutrophication
Language Label:: English
Other Affiliation:: University of Stirling, University of Geneva, and University of Amsterdam
Page End:: 483
Page Start:: 471
Person:: Codd, G.A., Ibelings, B.W., Verspagen, J.M.H., Paerl, H.W., Huisman, J., and Visser, P.M.
Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_54

62. Effects of climatically-modulated changes in solar radiation and wind speed on spring phytoplankton community dynamics in Lake Taihu, China

Title Tesim:: Effects of climatically-modulated changes in solar radiation and wind speed on spring phytoplankton community dynamics in Lake Taihu, China
Creator:: Salmaso, N., Paerl, H.W., Zhang, Y., Qin, B., Deng, J., and Zhang, W.
Date of publication:: 2018
Abstract Tesim:: Many studies have focused on the interactive effects of temperature increases due to global warming and nutrient enrichment on phytoplankton communities. Recently, non-temperature effects of climate change (e.g., decreases in wind speed and increases in solar radiation) on large lakes have received increasing attention. To evaluate the relative contributions of both temperature and non-temperature effects on phytoplankton communities in a large eutrophic subtropical shallow lake, we analyzed long-term monitoring data from Lake Taihu, China from 1997 to 2016. Results showed that Lake Taihu's spring phytoplankton biovolume and composition changed dramatically over this time frame, with a change in dominant species. Stepwise multiple linear regression models indicated that spring phytoplankton biovolume was strongly influenced by total phosphorus (TP), light condition, wind speed and total nitrogen (TN) (radj 2= 0.8, p < 0.01). Partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) showed that light condition accounted for the greatest variation of phytoplankton community composition, followed by TP and wind speed, as well as the interactions between TP and wind speed. Our study points to the additional importance of non-temperature effects of climate change on phytoplankton community dynamics in Lake Taihu.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/4rr9-b509
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205260
ISSN:: 1932-6203
Journal Issue:: 10
Journal Title:: PLoS ONE
Journal Volume:: 13
Keyword:: China, Eutrophication, Seasons, Solar Energy, Lakes, Multivariate Analysis, Climate Change, Cyanobacteria, Biomass, Environmental Monitoring, Wind, and Phytoplankton
Language Label:: English
License Label:: Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: Fondazione Edmund Mach, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Shanghai Ocean University
Person:: Salmaso, N., Paerl, H.W., Zhang, Y., Qin, B., Deng, J., and Zhang, W.
Publisher:: Public Library of Science
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_53

63. CO2 limited conditions favor cyanobacteria in a hypereutrophic lake: An empirical and theoretical stable isotope study

Title Tesim:: CO2 limited conditions favor cyanobacteria in a hypereutrophic lake: An empirical and theoretical stable isotope study
Creator:: Zhu, G., Van Dam, B.R., Tobias, C., Paerl, H.W., and Holbach, A.
Date of publication:: 2018
Abstract Tesim:: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global problem, exacerbated by rising temperatures, cultural eutrophication, urbanization, and agricultural development. During these HABs, phytoplankton consumption of CO2 may result in conditions of C limitation, where algal taxa best adapted for these conditions will be at a competitive advantage. Many cyanobacteria are capable of alleviating CO2 limitation by a variety of strategies, including the active assimilation of HCO3 -. In this study, we utilized a high-resolution, month-long time series of stable C isotopes and high-performance liquid chromatograph-based algal taxonomy in the hypereutrophic Lake Taihu, China, to investigate whether cyanobacteria are indeed advantaged by CO2 limiting conditions. We employed a model of phytoplankton C acquisition to support the inferences derived from direct measurements. Diurnal cycles of production and respiration caused δ13CDIC to vary between −4‰ and −9‰, while δ13CPOC varied between −29.6‰ and −19.6‰. Measured and modeled phytoplankton fractionation of DIC were positively correlated with pCO2 and negatively correlated with cyanobacterial abundance, suggesting that CO2 limitation preferentially favored increased cyanobacterial biomass, relative to other taxa. We propose that the ability of many cyanobacteria to access otherwise limiting pools of inorganic C is intrinsically linked with their capacity to cope with CO2 limiting conditions, and may be a key factor in their dominance during HABs.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/trre-7894
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.10798
ISSN:: 1939-5590
Journal Issue:: 4
Journal Title:: Limnology and Oceanography
Journal Volume:: 63
Keyword:: respiration, dominance, biological production, China, phytoplankton, Taihu Lake, Cyanobacteria, diurnal variation, taxonomy, cyanobacterium, algae, eutrophic environment, competitive ability, empirical analysis, stable isotope, limiting factor, biomass, carbon dioxide, algal bloom, and theoretical study
Language Label:: English
Other Affiliation:: Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Connecticut, Institute of Marine Sciences, and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Page End:: 1659
Page Start:: 1643
Person:: Zhu, G., Van Dam, B.R., Tobias, C., Paerl, H.W., and Holbach, A.
Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_52

64. Mitigating toxic planktonic cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic ecosystems facing increasing anthropogenic and climatic pressures

Title Tesim:: Mitigating toxic planktonic cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic ecosystems facing increasing anthropogenic and climatic pressures
Creator:: Paerl, H.W.
Date of publication:: 2018
Abstract Tesim:: Toxic planktonic cyanobacterial blooms are a pressing environmental and human health problem. Blooms are expanding globally and threatening sustainability of our aquatic resources. Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment and hydrological modifications, including water diversions and reservoir construction, are major drivers of bloom expansion. Climatic change, i.e., warming, more extreme rainfall events, and droughts, act synergistically with human drivers to exacerbate the problem. Bloom mitigation steps, which are the focus of this review, must consider these dynamic interactive factors in order to be successful in the short- and long-term. Furthermore, these steps must be applicable along the freshwater to marine continuum connecting streams, lakes, rivers, estuarine, and coastal waters. There is an array of physical, chemical, and biological approaches, including flushing, mixing, dredging, application of algaecides, precipitating phosphorus, and selective grazing, that may arrest and reduce bloom intensities in the short-term. However, to ensure long term, sustainable success, targeting reductions of both nitrogen and phosphorus inputs should accompany these approaches along the continuum. Lastly, these strategies should accommodate climatic variability and change, which will likely modulate and alter nutrient-bloom thresholds.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/yn55-b438
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020076
ISSN:: 2072-6651
Journal Issue:: 2
Journal Title:: Toxins
Journal Volume:: 10
Keyword:: Hydrology, Climate change, Water quality, Cyanobacteria, Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and Bloom mitigation
Language Label:: English
License Label:: Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
Person:: Paerl, H.W.
Publisher:: MDPI AG
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_51

65. Cyanobacteria in eutrophic waters benefit from rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Title Tesim:: Cyanobacteria in eutrophic waters benefit from rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations
Creator:: Paerl, H.W., Xu, Y., Ma, J., Wang, X., and Wang, P.
Date of publication:: 2019
Abstract Tesim:: Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may stimulate the proliferation of cyanobacteria. To investigate the possible physiological responses of cyanobacteria to elevated CO2 at different nutrient levels, Microcystis aeruginosa were exposed to different concentrations of CO2 (400, 1100, and 2200 ppm) under two nutrient regimes (i.e., in nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor media). The results indicated that M. aeruginosa differed in its responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 at different nutrient levels. The light utilization efficiency and photoprotection of photosystem II were improved by elevated CO2, particularly when cells were supplied with abundant nutrients. In nutrient-poor media, both total organic carbon and the polysaccharide/protein ratio of the extracellular polymeric substance increased with elevated CO2, accompanied by high cellular carbon/nitrogen ratios. Besides, cells growing with fewer nutrients were more prone to suffer intracellular acidification with elevated CO2 than those growing with abundant nutrients. Nonetheless, alkaline phosphate activity of cyanobacteria was improved by high CO2, provided that reduced pH was in the optimum range for alkaline phosphate activity. Nitrate reductase activity was inhibited by elevated CO2 regardless of nutrient levels, leading to a reduced nitrate uptake. These changes indicate that the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients would be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 conditions. Overall, cyanobacteria in eutrophic waters may benefit more than in oligotrophic waters from rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and evaluations of the influence of rising atmospheric CO2 on algae should account for the nutrient level of the ecosystem.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/1y7n-nf08
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.056
ISSN:: 0048-9697
Journal Title:: Science of the Total Environment
Journal Volume:: 691
Keyword:: Acidification, Nutrient, CO2, Extracellular polymeric substance, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Photosynthesis
Language Label:: English
Other Affiliation:: Hohai University
Page End:: 1154
Page Start:: 1144
Person:: Paerl, H.W., Xu, Y., Ma, J., Wang, X., and Wang, P.
Publisher:: Elsevier B.V.
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_46

66. The fungicide azoxystrobin promotes freshwater cyanobacterial dominance through altering competition

Title Tesim:: The fungicide azoxystrobin promotes freshwater cyanobacterial dominance through altering competition
Creator:: Zhu, Y.-G., Ye, Y., Lu, T., Paerl, H.W., Lavoie, M., Yang, J., Zhang, Q., Qian, H., and Zhu, Y.
Date of publication:: 2019
Abstract Tesim:: Background: Sharp increases in food production worldwide are attributable to agricultural intensification aided by heavy use of agrochemicals. This massive use of pesticides and fertilizers in combination with global climate change has led to collateral damage in freshwater systems, notably an increase in the frequency of harmful cyanobacterial blooms (HCBs). The precise mechanisms and magnitude of effects that pesticides exert on HCBs formation and proliferation have received little research attention and are poorly constrained. Results: We found that azoxystrobin (AZ), a common strobilurin fungicide, can favor cyanobacterial growth through growth inhibition of eukaryotic competitors (Chlorophyta) and possibly by inhibiting cyanobacterial parasites (fungi) as well as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Meta-transcriptomic analyses identified AZ-responsive genes and biochemical pathways in eukaryotic plankton and bacteria, potentially explaining the microbial effects of AZ. Conclusions: Our study provides novel mechanistic insights into the intertwined effects of a fungicide and eutrophication on microbial planktonic communities and cyanobacterial blooms in a eutrophic freshwater ecosystem. This knowledge may prove useful in mitigating cyanobacteria blooms resulting from agricultural intensification.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/hjs5-ar63
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0744-0
ISSN:: 2049-2618
Journal Issue:: 1
Journal Title:: Microbiome
Journal Volume:: 7
Keyword:: Indirect effects, Fungicide, Eutrophication, Meta-transcriptomics, and Algal bloom
Language Label:: English
License Label:: Attribution 4.0 International
Other Affiliation:: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Université Laval
Person:: Zhu, Y.-G., Ye, Y., Lu, T., Paerl, H.W., Lavoie, M., Yang, J., Zhang, Q., Qian, H., and Zhu, Y.
Publisher:: BioMed Central Ltd.
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_38

67. Climate exerts a greater modulating effect on the phytoplankton community after 2007 in eutrophic Lake Taihu, China: Evidence from 25 years of recordings

Title Tesim:: Climate exerts a greater modulating effect on the phytoplankton community after 2007 in eutrophic Lake Taihu, China: Evidence from 25 years of recordings
Creator:: Qin, B., Paerl, H.W., Xu, H., Chen, Y., Guo, C., Zhu, G., Zhang, Y., and Zhu, M.
Date of publication:: 2019
Abstract Tesim:: Long-term phytoplankton community changes indicate the trophic status under nutrient regulation conditions in eutrophic lakes, although the modulatory role of climate change scenarios in their indicative function has been underestimated. Hence, we analyzed the relative contributions of nutrient and climate factors to interannual and seasonal variations in the phytoplankton biomass and composition from 1992 to 2017 in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China. Discrete phytoplankton communities from five periods were classified according to their interannual features. Variations in the phytoplankton community composition were observed during the five periods, and these variations included a shift from exclusive cyanobacterial dominance before 2008 to diatom-cyanobacterial codominance in 2008–2010 and from cyanobacterial dominance in 2011–2014 to cyanobacterial-diatom codominance in 2015–2017. The phytoplankton biomass pattern typically peaked in summer, although peaks also occurred in winter 2008–2010 and autumn 2011–2014. Additionally, the phytoplankton biomass increased by threefold from 2015 to 2017, which might have been related to rising air temperatures and greater light availability. The variance in the phytoplankton community was significantly explained by nutrient (ammonium, nitrate and phosphate)and climatic (air temperature and wind speed)factors. However, the explaining effect of the factors varied among the five periods: nutrients strongly impacted the community composition from 1992 to 2007, whereas climatic variables became more important modulators after 2007. These results reveal that climatic factors play importance roles in shaping the phytoplankton community and cyanobacterial blooms and suggest that differences in the roles between specific climatic conditions should be considered. Future declines in cyanobacterial blooms require further dual nitrogen and phosphorus reduction and longer recovery times under current climate change scenarios in this and possibly other shallow eutrophic lakes.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/sqc7-fv58
Edition:: Postprint
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.05.034
ISSN:: 1470-160X
Journal Title:: Ecological Indicators
Journal Volume:: 105
Keyword:: Climate change, Shallow lakes, Phytoplankton community, Cyanobacterial blooms, Nutrient, and Lake Taihu
Language Label:: English
Other Affiliation:: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Page End:: 91
Page Start:: 82
Person:: Qin, B., Paerl, H.W., Xu, H., Chen, Y., Guo, C., Zhu, G., Zhang, Y., and Zhu, M.
Publisher:: Elsevier B.V.
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_35

68. Mitigating a global expansion of toxic cyanobacterial blooms: Confounding effects and challenges posed by climate change

Title Tesim:: Mitigating a global expansion of toxic cyanobacterial blooms: Confounding effects and challenges posed by climate change
Creator:: Xu, H., Hall, N.S., Qin, B., Otten, T.G., Zhu, G., Havens, K.E., Zhu, M., and Paerl, H.W.
Date of publication:: 2020
Abstract Tesim:: Managing and mitigating the global expansion of toxic cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) is a major challenge facing researchers and water resource managers. Various approaches, including nutrient load reduction, artificial mixing and flushing, omnivorous fish removal, algaecide applications and sediment dredging, have been used to reduce bloom occurrences. However, managers now face the additional challenge of having to address the effects of climate change on watershed hydrological and nutrient load dynamics, water temperature, mixing regime and internal nutrient cycling. Rising temperatures and increasing frequencies and magnitudes of extreme weather events, including tropical cyclones, extratropical storms, floods and droughts, all promote CyanoHABs and affect the efficacy of ecosystem remediation measures. These climatic changes will likely require setting stricter nutrient (including both nitrogen and phosphorus) reduction targets for bloom control in affected waters. In addition, the efficacy of currently used methods to reduce CyanoHABs will need to be re-evaluated in light of the synergistic effects of climate change with nutrient enrichment.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/4nkd-zk93
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF18392
ISSN:: 1323-1650
Journal Issue:: 5
Journal Title:: Marine and Freshwater Research
Journal Volume:: 71
Keyword:: mitigation and management strategies, CyanoHAB dynamics, nutrients, and cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom dynamics
Language Label:: English
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: Chinese Academy of Sciences, , Bend Genetics, and University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
Page End:: 592
Page Start:: 579
Person:: Xu, H., Hall, N.S., Qin, B., Otten, T.G., Zhu, G., Havens, K.E., Zhu, M., and Paerl, H.W.
Publisher:: CSIRO
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_26

69. Perspective: Advancing the research agenda for improving understanding of cyanobacteria in a future of global change

Title Tesim:: Perspective: Advancing the research agenda for improving understanding of cyanobacteria in a future of global change
Creator:: Paerl, H.W., Huisman, J., Hamilton, D.P., Burford, M.A., Carey, C.C., Wood, S.A., and Wulff, A.
Date of publication:: 2020
Abstract Tesim:: Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (=cyanoHABs) are an increasing feature of many waterbodies throughout the world. Many bloom-forming species produce toxins, making them of particular concern for drinking water supplies, recreation and fisheries in waterbodies along the freshwater to marine continuum. Global changes resulting from human impacts, such as climate change, over-enrichment and hydrological alterations of waterways, are major drivers of cyanoHAB proliferation and persistence. This review advocates that to better predict and manage cyanoHABs in a changing world, researchers need to leverage studies undertaken to date, but adopt a more complex and definitive suite of experiments, observations, and models which can effectively capture the temporal scales of processes driven by eutrophication and a changing climate. Better integration of laboratory culture and field experiments, as well as whole system and multiple-system studies are needed to improve confidence in models predicting impacts of climate change and anthropogenic over-enrichment and hydrological modifications. Recent studies examining adaptation of species and strains to long-term perturbations, e.g. temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, as well as incorporating multi-species and multi-stressor approaches emphasize the limitations of approaches focused on single stressors and individual species. There are also emerging species of concern, such as toxic benthic cyanobacteria, for which the effects of global change are less well understood, and require more detailed study. This review provides approaches and examples of studies tackling the challenging issue of understanding how global changes will affect cyanoHABs, and identifies critical information needs for effective prediction and management.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/g8fw-8f70
Edition:: Postprint
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.04.004
ISSN:: 1568-9883
Journal Title:: Harmful Algae
Journal Volume:: 91
Keyword:: Climate change, CO2, Temperature, and cyanoHABs
Language Label:: English
Other Affiliation:: University of Amsterdam, Griffith University, Virginia Tech, Cawthron Institute, and University of Gothenburg
Person:: Paerl, H.W., Huisman, J., Hamilton, D.P., Burford, M.A., Carey, C.C., Wood, S.A., and Wulff, A.
Publisher:: Elsevier B.V.
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_25

70. Future HAB science: Directions and challenges in a changing climate

Title Tesim:: Future HAB science: Directions and challenges in a changing climate
Creator:: Silke, J., Hallegraeff, G., Cochlan, W., Wells, M.L., Flynn, K.J., Wulff, A., Kudela, R., Thompson, P., De Rijcke, M., Davidson, K., Paerl, H., Berdalet, E., Trainer, V.L., Dutkiewicz, S., Karlson, B., Asnaghi, V., Suikkanen, S., Legrand, C., and Trick, C.
Date of publication:: 2020
Abstract Tesim:: There is increasing concern that accelerating environmental change attributed to human-induced warming of the planet may substantially alter the patterns, distribution and intensity of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Changes in temperature, ocean acidification, precipitation, nutrient stress or availability, and the physical structure of the water column all influence the productivity, composition, and global range of phytoplankton assemblages, but large uncertainty remains about how integration of these climate drivers might shape future HABs. Presented here are the collective deliberations from a symposium on HABs and climate change where the research challenges to understanding potential linkages between HABs and climate were considered, along with new research directions to better define these linkages. In addition to the likely effects of physical (temperature, salinity, stratification, light, changing storm intensity), chemical (nutrients, ocean acidification), and biological (grazer) drivers on microalgae (senso lato), symposium participants explored more broadly the subjects of cyanobacterial HABs, benthic HABs, HAB effects on fisheries, HAB modelling challenges, and the contributions that molecular approaches can bring to HAB studies. There was consensus that alongside traditional research, HAB scientists must set new courses of research and practices to deliver the conceptual and quantitative advances required to forecast future HAB trends. These different practices encompass laboratory and field studies, long-term observational programs, retrospectives, as well as the study of socioeconomic drivers and linkages with aquaculture and fisheries. In anticipation of growing HAB problems, research on potential mitigation strategies should be a priority. It is recommended that a substantial portion of HAB research among laboratories be directed collectively at a small sub-set of HAB species and questions in order to fast-track advances in our understanding. Climate-driven changes in coastal oceanographic and ecological systems are becoming substantial, in some cases exacerbated by localized human activities. That, combined with the slow pace of decreasing global carbon emissions, signals the urgency for HAB scientists to accelerate efforts across disciplines to provide society with the necessary insights regarding future HAB trends.
Resource type:: Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:: Institute of Marine Sciences
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.17615/rf69-9z15
Edition:: Publisher
Identifier:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.101632
ISSN:: 1568-9883
Journal Title:: Harmful Algae
Journal Volume:: 91
Keyword:: Experimental strategies, Climate change, Ocean acidification, Multi-stressor, Fisheries, Modeling, Nutrients, Grazing, Observatories, New tools, Aquaculture, HAB, Temperature, Benthic, Cyanobacteria, and Stratification
Language Label:: English
License Label:: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:: Marine Institute, University of Tasmania, San Francisco State University, University of Maine, Swansea University, University of Gothenburg, University of California Santa Cruz, CSIRO, Flanders Marine Institute, Scottish Marine Institute, , Institute of Marine Sciences, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, SMHI/Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Finnish Environment Institute, Linnaeus University, and Western University
Person:: Silke, J., Hallegraeff, G., Cochlan, W., Wells, M.L., Flynn, K.J., Wulff, A., Kudela, R., Thompson, P., De Rijcke, M., Davidson, K., Paerl, H., Berdalet, E., Trainer, V.L., Dutkiewicz, S., Karlson, B., Asnaghi, V., Suikkanen, S., Legrand, C., and Trick, C.
Publisher:: Elsevier B.V.
Rights Statement Label:: In Copyright
Source:: hans_paerl_24

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