A newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing a membrane-anchored spike as a cost-effective inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
Creator:
García-Sastre, A., Baric, R.S., Oliva, J., Innis, B.L., Amanat, F., Albrecht, R.A., Dinnon, III, K.H., Palese, P., Sun, W., Krammer, F., Slamanig, S., Schäfer, A., Liu, W.-C., McCroskery, S., Leist, S.R., and Liu, Y.
Date of publication:
2020
Abstract Tesim:
A successful severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine must not only be safe and protective, but must also meet the demand on a global scale at a low cost. Using the current influenza virus vaccine production capacity to manufacture an egg-based inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV)/SARS-CoV-2 vaccine would meet that challenge. Here, we report pre-clinical evaluations of an inactivated NDV chimera stably expressing the membrane-anchored form of the spike (NDV-S) as a potent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in mice and hamsters. The inactivated NDV-S vaccine was immunogenic, inducing strong binding and/or neutralizing antibodies in both animal models. More importantly, the inactivated NDV-S vaccine protected animals from SARS-CoV-2 infections. In the presence of an adjuvant, antigen-sparing could be achieved, which would further reduce the cost while maintaining the protective efficacy of the vaccine.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Epidemiology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/5pzn-1n76
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040771
ISSN:
2076-393X
Journal Issue:
4
Journal Title:
Vaccines
Journal Volume:
8
Keyword:
COVID-19, Adjuvant, Egg-based vaccine, Mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2, Antigen-sparing, and Hamster model
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 3.0 United States
Other Affiliation:
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and PATH
Page End:
14
Page Start:
1
Person:
García-Sastre, A., Baric, R.S., Oliva, J., Innis, B.L., Amanat, F., Albrecht, R.A., Dinnon, III, K.H., Palese, P., Sun, W., Krammer, F., Slamanig, S., Schäfer, A., Liu, W.-C., McCroskery, S., Leist, S.R., and Liu, Y.
Attitudes towards potential new tobacco control regulations among U.S. adults
Creator:
Myers, A.E., Kowitt, S.D., Goldstein, A.O., and Schmidt, A.M.
Date of publication:
2018
Abstract Tesim:
Favorable attitudes towards tobacco control policies can facilitate their implementation and success. We examined attitudes toward four potential U.S. Federal tobacco regulations (banning menthol from cigarettes, reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes, banning candy and fruit flavored electronic cigarettes, and banning candy and fruit flavored little cigars and cigarillos) and associations with individual and state variables. A nationally representative phone survey of 4337 adults assessed attitudes toward potential policies. Weighted logistic regression was used to assess relationships between attitudes and demographic factors, smoking behavior, beliefs about the government (knowledge, trust, and credibility), exposure to tobacco control campaigns, and state variables from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System. Most respondents supported three out of four policies. Respondents that were female, non-white, Latino, living below the poverty line, had less than high school education, were of older age, did not smoke, had higher trust in government, and were exposed to national tobacco control campaigns had higher odds of expressing favorable attitudes toward potential new tobacco regulations than did their counterparts. No state-level effects were found. While differences in attitudes were observed by individual demographic characteristics, behaviors, and beliefs, a majority of participants supported most of the potential new tobacco regulations surveyed.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Health Behavior and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/mdjw-fq52
ISSN:
1661-7827
Journal Issue:
1
Journal Title:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Journal Volume:
15
Keyword:
Tobacco control, Smoking, Public opinion, and Attitudes
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 3.0 United States
Person:
Myers, A.E., Kowitt, S.D., Goldstein, A.O., and Schmidt, A.M.
Information to improve public perceptions of the food and drug administration (FDA’s) tobacco regulatory role
Creator:
Kowitt, S.D., Jarman, K.L., Ranney, L.M., Osman, A., Sheeran, P., and Goldstein, A.O.
Date of publication:
2018
Abstract Tesim:
While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has had regulatory authority over tobacco products since 2009, public awareness of this authority remains limited. This research examines several broad types of information about FDA tobacco regulatory mission that may improve the perceptions of FDA as a tobacco regulator. Using Amazon Mechanical Turk, 1766 adults, smokers and non-smokers, were randomly assigned to view a statement about FDA regulatory authority that varied three information types in a 2 × 2 × 2 between subjects experimental design: (1) FDA’s roles in regulating tobacco (yes/no); (2) The scientific basis of regulations (yes/no); and (3) A potential protective function of regulations (yes/no). Using factorial ANOVA, we estimated the main and interactive effects of all three types of information and of smoking status on the perceptions of FDA. Participants that were exposed to information on FDA roles reported higher FDA credibility and a greater perceived knowledge of FDA than those who did not. Exposure to information about the scientific basis of regulations led to more negative views of the tobacco industry. Participants who learned of the FDA’s commitment to protecting the public reported higher FDA credibility and more positive attitudes toward regulations than those who did not learn of this commitment. We observed no significant interaction effects. The findings suggest that providing information about the regulatory roles and protective characterization of the FDA’s tobacco regulatory mission positively influence public perceptions of FDA and tobacco regulations.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Health Behavior, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Family Medicine, and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/tmtd-jp17
ISSN:
1661-7827
Journal Issue:
4
Journal Title:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Journal Volume:
15
Keyword:
Perceptions, Source credibility, FDA, and Tobacco regulations
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 3.0 United States
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
Person:
Kowitt, S.D., Jarman, K.L., Ranney, L.M., Osman, A., Sheeran, P., and Goldstein, A.O.
We examined whether advertisements from two national tobacco control campaigns targeting adolescents (i.e., The Real Cost, Fresh Empire) and one campaign targeting adults (i.e., Tips from Former Smokers) were reaching adolescents. Data came from a national sample of adolescents aged 13 to 17 years (n = 975) surveyed by phone from August 2016 to May 2017. We assessed recall and attitudes toward five specific advertisements and three campaign slogans and examined differences by sub-groups. Almost all (95%) adolescents recalled seeing at least one campaign advertisement. Aided recall of The Real Cost and Tips from Former Smokers slogans was high (65.5% and 71.6%, respectively), while aided recall of Fresh Empire slogan was lower (15.3%) (χ2 p-value: p < 0.001); however, Black adolescents had higher odds of recalling the Fresh Empire ad (aOR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.39, 3.73) and slogan (aOR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.06, 6.54) compared to White adolescents. Increased exposure to the advertisements (i.e., recalling more advertisements) was significantly associated with higher odds of reporting negative feelings toward tobacco products in 4/5 models (aORs from 1.34 to 1.61). Large-scale national campaigns can have wide reach among both targeted and non-targeted audiences with added benefits for cumulative cross-campaign exposure to advertisements.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Family Medicine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/5cz5-jj61
ISSN:
1661-7827
Journal Issue:
11
Journal Title:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Journal Volume:
15
Keyword:
Tobacco prevention and control, Adolescents, Communication campaigns, and United States
The US Food and Drug Administration is tasked with communicating information to the public about the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke. Our study used eye tracking method to test the effectiveness of messages about the harmful chemicals in cigarettes smoke among adult smokers. A sample size of 211 current cigarette smokers viewed four communication messages that included: Health effects of a chemical in cigarette smoke and an image depicting the health effect. The messages focused on arsenic, formaldehyde, uranium, and general health. Eye tracking recorded the length of time participants viewed the text and the image. After each message, the participants were asked about the messages’ effectiveness in changing attitudes towards smoking. We analyzed the data using multilevel modeling, and of the 211 smokers, 59.7% were female, 36.5% were Black, and 21.3% had a high school degree or less. Compared to the general message, the messages about formaldehyde and uranium were more discouraging to smoking (p < 0.05). Messages about formaldehyde were more believable and made participants want to quit more than the general messages. Increasing message dose was significantly associated with discouraging participants from smoking and made participants want to quit (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that anti-smoking messages, containing chemical information, can successfully increase negative attitudes toward smoking cigarettes and potentially encourage quitting.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Family Medicine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/mcrn-dr68
ISSN:
1661-7827
Journal Issue:
22
Journal Title:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Journal Volume:
16
Keyword:
Anti-smoking, Toxins, Eye tracking, Messages, Chemicals, and Smoking
Combustible tobacco users appear to be at greater risk for serious complications from COVID-19. This study examined cigar smokers’ perceived risk of COVID-19, quit intentions, and behaviors during the current pandemic. We conducted an online study between 23 April 2020 to 7 May 2020, as part of an ongoing study examining perceptions of different health effects of cigars. All participants used cigars in the past 30 days (n = 777). Three-quarters of the sample (76.0%) perceived they had a higher risk of complications from COVID-19 compared to non-smokers. The majority of participants (70.8%) intended to quit in the next six months due to COVID-19, and almost half of the sample (46.5%) reported making a quit attempt since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Far more participants reported increasing their tobacco use since COVID-19 started (40.9%) vs. decreasing their tobacco use (17.8%). Black or African American participants, participants who reported using a quitline, and participants with higher COVID-19 risk perceptions had higher intentions to quit using tobacco due to COVID-19, and higher odds of making a quit attempt since COVID-19 started. More research is needed to understand how tobacco users are perceiving COVID-19 risks and changing their tobacco use behaviors.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Family Medicine and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/edph-ty64
ISSN:
1661-7827
Journal Issue:
15
Journal Title:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Journal Volume:
17
Keyword:
Smoking cessation, COVID-19, Cigar, Communication, Risk, Tobacco, and Quitting
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 3.0 United States
Other Affiliation:
University of South Carolina and Wake Forest School of Medicine
Mexican households’ purchases of foods and beverages vary by store-type, taxation status, and SES
Creator:
Taillie, L.S., Popkin, B.M., Salgado, J.C., and Pedraza, L.S.
Date of publication:
2018
Abstract Tesim:
Where people shop for food is often linked to the healthiness of food purchases. In Mexico, no research has examined the connection between where people shop, what they buy, and their socioeconomic status (SES). Mexico’s sugary beverage and junk food taxes have made households decrease purchases of taxed products. However, whether households have changed where they shop is unknown. To address this gap, we use a repeated cross-sectional analysis of household packaged food and beverage purchases from the Nielsen Mexico Consumer Panel Survey from 2012 to 2015 (n > 5500 households). We examine changes in the volume of the purchase of taxed and untaxed products from different store-types (i.e., convenience stores, supermarkets, traditional retailers, wholesalers, home water-delivery, and others) by SES using multivariate linear regression models. Results show that high-SES households purchased more foods and beverages at all store-types except for low-SES who purchased the most foods and taxed beverages at traditional retailers. Purchases of taxed foods and beverages from traditional retailers significantly decreased for low-SES and middle-SES households and from supermarkets for middle-SES and high-SES households. Purchases of untaxed beverages from wholesalers significantly increased for middle-SES households and from convenience stores for high-SES households. Our findings suggest that consumers choose different stores to purchase beverages than to purchase foods and that taxes may have differentially affected each store-type.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Nutrition and Department of Health Policy and Management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/61ky-9365
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081044 and PMID 30096817
ISSN:
2072-6643
Journal Issue:
8
Journal Title:
Nutrients
Journal Volume:
10
Keyword:
Mexico, Food purchases, Retailers, Taxes, and Socioeconomic factors
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 3.0 United States
Person:
Taillie, L.S., Popkin, B.M., Salgado, J.C., and Pedraza, L.S.
Sugar-sweetened beverage intake among chilean preschoolers and adolescents in 2016: A cross-sectional analysis
Creator:
Essman, M., Corvalán, C., Taillie, L.S., Reyes, M., and Popkin, B.M.
Date of publication:
2018
Abstract Tesim:
Background: Chile has the highest sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) sales of any country and a growing burden of childhood obesity. This study examines SSB intake in Chilean children after a 5% SSB tax increase in 2014 but prior to marketing, labeling, and school policies implemented in 2016. Methods: 24-h recalls were collected in 2016 from two cohorts comprised of preschoolers 3–5 years of age (n = 961) and adolescents 12–14 years of age (n = 770) from low–moderate income neighborhoods. Beverages were categorized as regulated or unregulated according to whether they exceeded nutrient thresholds established by the 2016 policies. Results: Preschoolers consumed mainly beverage calories from regulated dairy beverages and substitutes (109 kcal, SD 30), unregulated dairy beverages (102 kcal, SD 24), and regulated fruit and vegetables drinks (44 kcal, SD 20). For adolescents, the greatest contributions came from regulated sodas (77 kcal, SD 47), regulated dairy beverages and substitutes (41 kcal, SD 16), and unregulated coffee and tea (41 kcal, SD 11). Overall, regulated beverages provided a greater proportion of calories than unregulated for preschoolers (15.0% vs. 11.8%) and for adolescents (9.1% vs. 5.0%). Conclusions: Before major policy implementation, regulated beverages accounted for a higher percentage of energy intake than unregulated beverages among both age groups. Future research will be needed to evaluate the impact of Chile’s new policies on sugary beverage intake in children.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Nutrition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/yk5s-dh95
Identifier:
PMID 30445671 and https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111767
ISSN:
2072-6643
Journal Issue:
11
Journal Title:
Nutrients
Journal Volume:
10
Keyword:
Sugar-sweetened beverages, Beverage intake, Children, Milk, Adolescents, and Juice
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 3.0 United States
Other Affiliation:
University of Chile
Person:
Essman, M., Corvalán, C., Taillie, L.S., Reyes, M., and Popkin, B.M.
Dietary intake by food source and eating location in low- and middle-income chilean preschool children and adolescents from southeast Santiago
Creator:
Reyes, M., Popkin, B.M., Rebolledo, N., Corvalán, C., and Taillie, L.S.
Date of publication:
2019
Abstract Tesim:
Background: Food source and eating location are important factors associated with the quality of dietary intake. In Chile the main food sources and eating locations of preschool children and adolescents and how these relate to dietary quality are unknown. Methods: We analyzed 24 h dietary recalls collected in 2016 from low- and middle-income Chilean preschool children (3–6 years, n = 839) and adolescents (12–14 years, n = 643) from southeastern Santiago. Surveys collected the food source and eating location for each food reported during the recall. We estimated the mean intake of calories and key nutrients of concern, such as saturated fats, total sugars, and sodium, by food source and eating location. Results: Foods obtained and eaten at home contributed the greatest proportion of total calories and the key nutrients of concern. Foods obtained at home tended to have lower caloric densities but higher sugar and sodium densities than foods obtained away from home in both age groups. With regard to location, for preschool children foods consumed at home had lower caloric and sugar densities than foods eaten at school, while for adolescents foods consumed at home had lower caloric, saturated fat, and sugar densities than foods eaten at school. For both children and adolescents, home was the primary source of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) calories. SSBs were important calorie contributors among foods across all settings, but the highest absolute amount of calories from these beverages was consumed at home. Conclusions: While most of Chilean youths’ calories and key nutrients of concern are obtained and consumed at home, these foods tended to have lower caloric densities than foods obtained and consumed away from home. Home was the main food source for SSBs, but the relative consumption of these beverages was high in all eating locations. More research will be needed to inform and evaluate policies and interventions to improve children’s dietary quality across settings.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Nutrition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/dnmh-f273
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071695 and PMID 31340559
ISSN:
2072-6643
Journal Issue:
7
Journal Title:
Nutrients
Journal Volume:
11
Keyword:
Latin America, Child diet, Food source, Away-from-home food, School food, Fast food, Eating location, Adolescent diet, and Sugar-sweetened beverage
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 3.0 United States
Other Affiliation:
University of Chile
Person:
Reyes, M., Popkin, B.M., Rebolledo, N., Corvalán, C., and Taillie, L.S.
Longitudinal associations between monetary value of the diet, DASH diet score and the allostatic load among middle-aged urban adults
Creator:
Fanelli-Kuczmarski, M.T., Beydoun, M.A., Popkin, B.M., Beydoun, H.A., Maldonado, A.I., Zonderman, A.B., Nkodo, A., and Evans, M.K.
Date of publication:
2019
Abstract Tesim:
Lower cost can lead to poorer-quality diets, potentially worsening metabolic profiles. We explored these pathways among urban adults. Longitudinal data were extracted from 1224-1479 participants in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. DASH(mean) (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) score was computed using four 24 h recalls (v1/v2: 2004-2013) linked with a national food price database to estimate monetary value of the diet [MVD(mean)]. Allostatic load (AL) was measured at visits 2 (v2) and 3 (v3) in 2009-2018. Mixed-effects regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted, linking MVD(mean)/DASH(mean) to AL [v2 and annual change(v3-v2)] and exploring mediating pathways between MVD(mean) and AL(v3) through DASH(mean), stratifying by sex, race and poverty status. MVD(mean) tertiles were linearly associated with contemporaneous DASH(mean), after energy adjustment. In mixed-effects regression models, DASH(mean) was consistently linked to lower AL(v2). DASH(mean) and MVD(mean) were positively associated with higher serum albumin(v2). In SEM, MVD(mean) was linked to AL(v3) through DASH(mean), mainly among Whites and specifically for the cholesterol and Waist-Hip-Ratio AL components. In summary, energy and other covariate-adjusted increase in MVD may have a sizeable impact on DASH which can reduce follow-up AL among urban White middle-aged adults. More studies are needed to replicate findings in comparable samples of urban adults.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Nutrition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/pmdc-qv25
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102360 and PMID 31623373
ISSN:
2072-6643
Journal Issue:
10
Journal Title:
Nutrients
Journal Volume:
11
Keyword:
DASH diet, Allostatic load, Urban adults, and Monetary value of diet
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 3.0 United States
Other Affiliation:
University of Delaware, National Institute on Aging, and Fort Belvoir Community Hospital
Person:
Fanelli-Kuczmarski, M.T., Beydoun, M.A., Popkin, B.M., Beydoun, H.A., Maldonado, A.I., Zonderman, A.B., Nkodo, A., and Evans, M.K.