Alexis, Neil E., Tarran, Robert, Coakley, Raymond D., and Ghosh, Arunava
Date of publication:
2023
Abstract Tesim:
Proteases such as neutrophil elastase cleave and activate the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), causing airway dehydration. Our current study explores the impact of increased protease levels in vapers’ airways on ENaC activity and airway dehydration. Human bronchial epithelial cultures (HBECs) were exposed to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from non-smokers, smokers and vapers. Airway surface liquid (ASL) height was measured by confocal microscopy as a marker of hydration. ENaC cleavage was measured by Western blotting. Human peripheral blood neutrophils were treated with a menthol-flavored e-liquid (Juul), and the resulting secretions were added to HBECs. BALF from smokers and vapers significantly and equally increased ENaC activity and decreased ASL height. The ASL height decrease was attenuated by protease inhibitors. Non-smokers’ BALF had no effect on ENaC or ASL height. BALF from smokers and vapers, but not non-smokers, induced ENaC cleavage. E-liquid-treated neutrophil secretions cleaved ENaC and decreased ASL height. Our study demonstrated that elevated protease levels in vapers’ airways have functional significance since they can activate ENaC, resulting in airway dehydration. Lung dehydration contributes to diseases like cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Thus, our data predict that vaping, like smoking, will cause airway surface dehydration that likely leads to lung disease.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, Marsico Lung Institute/UNC Cystic Fibrosis Center, and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology
The Performance of Flash Replenishment Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for the Qualitative Assessment of Kidney Lesions in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Creator:
Kasoji, Sandeep K., Dayton, Paul A., Radhakrishna, Roshni, Chang, Emily H., Altun, Ersan, Qaqish, Bahjat, Sridharan, Anush, Rathmell, W. Kimryn, Walmer, Rachel W., Johnson, Kennita A., Wagner, Sean, Olinger, Kristen, Ritter, Victor S., and Lee, Ellie
Date of publication:
2023
Abstract Tesim:
We investigated the accuracy of CEUS for characterizing cystic and solid kidney lesions in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cystic lesions are assessed using Bosniak criteria for computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, in patients with moderate to severe kidney disease, CT and MRI contrast agents may be contraindicated. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a safe alternative for characterizing these lesions, but data on its performance among CKD patients are limited. We performed flash replenishment CEUS in 60 CKD patients (73 lesions). Final analysis included 53 patients (63 lesions). Four readers, blinded to true diagnosis, interpreted each lesion. Reader evaluations were compared to true lesion classifications. Performance metrics were calculated to assess malignant and benign diagnoses. Reader agreement was evaluated using Bowker’s symmetry test. Combined reader sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for diagnosing malignant lesions were 71%, 75%, 45%, and 90%, respectively. Sensitivity (81%) and specificity (83%) were highest in CKD IV/V patients when grouped by CKD stage. Combined reader sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for diagnosing benign lesions were 70%, 86%, 91%, and 61%, respectively. Again, in CKD IV/V patients, sensitivity (81%), specificity (95%), and PPV (98%) were highest. Inter-reader diagnostic agreement varied from 72% to 90%. In CKD patients, CEUS is a potential low-risk option for screening kidney lesions. CEUS may be particularly beneficial for CKD IV/V patients, where kidney preservation techniques are highly relevant.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Department of Radiology, and Department of Biostatistics
Kasoji, Sandeep K., Dayton, Paul A., Radhakrishna, Roshni, Chang, Emily H., Altun, Ersan, Qaqish, Bahjat, Sridharan, Anush, Rathmell, W. Kimryn, Walmer, Rachel W., Johnson, Kennita A., Wagner, Sean, Olinger, Kristen, Ritter, Victor S., and Lee, Ellie
Safety, Efficacy, and Ill Intent: Examining COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions among the New Undervaccinated Moveable Middle in a U.S. Cohort, October 2022
Creator:
Fleary, Sasha A., Stanton, Eva, Parcesepe, Angela M., Piltch-Loeb, Rachael, Shen, Yanhan, Nash, Denis, and Penrose, Kate
Date of publication:
2023
Abstract Tesim:
Individuals who received their primary vaccine series only (with no subsequent booster) may be a new type of “moveable middle” given their receipt of the original COVID-19 vaccination. One population within the moveable middle for whom tailored interventions may be needed is individuals with common mental disorders (CMD). The purpose of this paper is to understand the vaccine perceptions among this new moveable middle—the undervaccinated—and within the undervaccinated to examine the extent to which COVID-19 vaccine perceptions and motivations differ among those with and without symptoms of CMD. Using data from the CHASING COVID Cohort, we examine the relationship between vaccination status, CMD, and vaccine perceptions in the undervaccinated. Among 510 undervaccinated participants who had completed the primary vaccine series but were not boosted, the most common reasons for undervaccination focused on efficacy (not seeing a need for an additional dose, 42.4%; there not being enough evidence that a booster dose is effective, 26.5%; already having had COVID-19, 19.6%). Other concerns were related to safety (long-term side effects, 21.0%; short-term side effects, 17.6%) and logistics (plan to get a booster but haven’t had time yet, 18.8%). Overall, the greatest vaccine concerns (over 30%) for the undervaccinated focused on efficacy and safety issues. Symptoms of depression or anxiety were associated with lower levels of vaccine efficacy and greater safety concerns in adjusted models. The implications of our study are that campaigns that are hoping to maximize vaccination uptake should consider focusing on and emphasizing messaging on efficacy and safety issues.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Maternal and Child Health
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/hrkm-gk35
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11111665
ISSN:
2076-393X
Journal Issue:
11
Journal Title:
Vaccines
Journal Volume:
11
Keyword:
undervaccinated, safety, efficacy, COVID-19, and vaccine hesitancy
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
City University of New York, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and
Page Start:
1665
Person:
Fleary, Sasha A., Stanton, Eva, Parcesepe, Angela M., Piltch-Loeb, Rachael, Shen, Yanhan, Nash, Denis, and Penrose, Kate
Prenatal Metal Exposure Alters the Placental Proteome in a Sex-Dependent Manner in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns: Links to Gestational Age
Creator:
Roell K., O’Shea T.M., Engwall E., Mills C.A., Kuban K.C.K., Bulka C., Parsons P.J., Galusha A., Fry R.C., Freedman A.N., and Herring L.
Date of publication:
2023
Abstract Tesim:
Prenatal exposure to toxic metals is associated with altered placental function and adverse infant and child health outcomes. Adverse outcomes include those that are observed at the time of birth, such as low birthweight, as well as those that arise later in life, such as neurological impairment. It is often the case that these adverse outcomes show sex-specific responses in relation to toxicant exposures. While the precise molecular mechanisms linking in utero toxic metal exposures with later-in-life health are unknown, placental inflammation is posited to play a critical role. Here, we sought to understand whether in utero metal exposure is associated with alterations in the expression of the placental proteome by identifying metal associated proteins (MAPs). Within the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns (ELGAN) cohort (n = 230), placental and umbilical cord tissue samples were collected at birth. Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and manganese (Mn) concentrations were measured in umbilical cord tissue samples via ICP-MS/MS. Protein expression was examined in placental samples using an LC-MS/MS-based, global, untargeted proteomics analysis measuring more than 3400 proteins. MAPs were then evaluated for associations with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, including placental weight and gestational age. We hypothesized that metal levels would be positively associated with the altered expression of inflammation/immune-associated pathways and that sex-specific patterns of metal-associated placental protein expression would be observed. Sex-specific analyses identified 89 unique MAPs expressed in female placentas and 41 unique MAPs expressed in male placentas. Notably, many of the female-associated MAPs are known to be involved in immune-related processes, while the male-associated MAPs are associated with intracellular transport and cell localization. Further, several MAPs were significantly associated with gestational age in males and females and placental weight in males. These data highlight the linkage between prenatal metal exposure and an altered placental proteome, with implications for altering the trajectory of fetal development.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Department of Pharmacology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/10wc-6648
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914977
ISSN:
1661-6596
Journal Issue:
19
Journal Title:
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Journal Volume:
24
Keyword:
proteomics, sexual dimorphism, umbilical cord tissue, preterm birth, metals, and placenta
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
, Boston Medical Center, University of South Florida, and University of Albany
Person:
Roell K., O’Shea T.M., Engwall E., Mills C.A., Kuban K.C.K., Bulka C., Parsons P.J., Galusha A., Fry R.C., Freedman A.N., and Herring L.
Publisher:
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Organotypic 3D Cell-Architecture Impacts the Expression Pattern of miRNAs–mRNAs Network in Breast Cancer SKBR3 Cells
Creator:
Aguilar-Medina, Maribel, López-Camarillo, César, Romero-Quintana, Geovanni, Avendaño-Felix, Mariana, Pérez-Plascencia, Carlos, Beltrán, Adriana S., Bermúdez, Mercedes, López-Gutiérrez, Jorge, Ramos-Payán, Rosalío, Gastélum-López, María de los Ángeles, and García Mata, Cristina
Date of publication:
2023
Abstract Tesim:
Background. Currently, most of the research on breast cancer has been carried out in conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures due to its practical benefits, however, the three-dimensional (3D) cell culture is becoming the model of choice in cancer research because it allows cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, mimicking the native microenvironment of tumors in vivo. Methods. In this work, we evaluated the effect of 3D cell organization on the expression pattern of miRNAs (by Small-RNAseq) and mRNAs (by microarrays) in the breast cancer SKBR3 cell line and analyzed the biological processes and signaling pathways regulated by the differentially expressed protein-coding genes (DE-mRNAs) and miRNAs (DE-microRNAs) found in the organoids. Results. We obtained well-defined cell-aggregated organoids with a grape cluster-like morphology with a size up to 9.2 × 105 μm3. The transcriptomic assays showed that cell growth in organoids significantly affected (all p < 0.01) the gene expression patterns of both miRNAs, and mRNAs, finding 20 upregulated and 19 downregulated DE-microRNAs, as well as 49 upregulated and 123 downregulated DE-mRNAs. In silico analysis showed that a subset of 11 upregulated DE-microRNAs target 70 downregulated DE-mRNAs. These genes are involved in 150 gene ontology (GO) biological processes such as regulation of cell morphogenesis, regulation of cell shape, regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway, morphogenesis of epithelium, regulation of cytoskeleton organization, as well as in the MAPK and AGE–RAGE signaling KEGG-pathways. Interestingly, hsa-mir-122-5p (Fold Change (FC) = 15.4), hsa-mir-369-3p (FC = 11.4), and hsa-mir-10b-5p (FC = 20.1) regulated up to 81% of the 70 downregulated DE-mRNAs. Conclusion. The organotypic 3D cell-organization architecture of breast cancer SKBR3 cells impacts the expression pattern of the miRNAs–mRNAs network mainly through overexpression of hsa-mir-122-5p, hsa-mir-369-3p, and hsa-mir-10b-5p. All these findings suggest that the interaction between cell–cell and cell–ECM as well as the change in the culture architecture impacts gene expression, and, therefore, support the pertinence of migrating breast cancer research from conventional cultures to 3D models.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/gcpw-4p60
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ncrna9060066
ISSN:
2311-553X
Journal Issue:
6
Journal Title:
Non-Coding RNA
Journal Volume:
9
Keyword:
breast cancer, microRNAs, organotypic 3D cell culture, 2D cell culture, and 3D cell culture
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Autonomous University of Mexico City, National Autonomous University of Mexico, , and Autonomous University of Chihuahua
Page Start:
66
Person:
Aguilar-Medina, Maribel, López-Camarillo, César, Romero-Quintana, Geovanni, Avendaño-Felix, Mariana, Pérez-Plascencia, Carlos, Beltrán, Adriana S., Bermúdez, Mercedes, López-Gutiérrez, Jorge, Ramos-Payán, Rosalío, Gastélum-López, María de los Ángeles, and García Mata, Cristina
NBL1 Reduces Corneal Fibrosis and Scar Formation after Wounding
Creator:
Mei, Hua, Liu, Emily, Tsai, Chi-Hao, Lu, Krystal Lynn, and Phan, Andrew
Date of publication:
2023
Abstract Tesim:
Corneal scarring is a leading cause of blindness. Currently, there is no treatment to prevent and/or reduce corneal scar formation under pathological conditions. Our previous data showed that the NBL1 protein, also termed the DAN Family BMP (Bone morphogenetic protein) Antagonist, was highly expressed in corneal stromal cells upon wounding. Here, we examined the function of NBL1 in corneal wound healing. Mouse corneas were mechanically wounded, followed by a 2-week treatment using NBL1. Wounded corneas treated with vehicle or an Fc tag served as controls. Compared with the controls, NBL1 treatment facilitated wound re-epithelialization, partially restored the stromal thickness, and significantly reduced corneal scar formation. NBL1 treatment did not decrease immune cell infiltration, indicating that the anti-scarring effect was not dependent on immune suppression. We further examined the anti-fibrotic effect of NBL1 on human corneas. Pairs of human corneas were induced to form myofibroblasts (a key player in fibrosis and scarring) upon wounding and incubation in a medium containing TGF-β1. The OS corneas were treated with Fc as a control, and the OD corneas were treated with NBL1. Compared with the control, human corneas treated with NBL1 had significantly fewer myofibroblasts, which was consistent with these mouse data. A further study revealed that NBL1 treatment inhibited BMP canonical (phospho-Smad1/5) and no-canonical (phospho-p38) pathways in human corneas. Data show that NBL1 reduced corneal fibrosis and scar formation in mice and cultured human corneas. The underlying molecular mechanism is not certain because both anti-fibrotic Smad1/5 and pro-fibrotic p38 pathways were inhibited upon NBL1 treatment. Whether the p38 pathway dominates the Smad1/5 pathway during corneal fibrosis, leading to the anti-fibrotic effect of NBL1, needs further investigation.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/43aq-p493
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13111570
ISSN:
2218-273X
Journal Issue:
11
Journal Title:
Biomolecules
Journal Volume:
13
Keyword:
NBL1, corneal scar, corneal wound, and fibrosis
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
Page Start:
1570
Person:
Mei, Hua, Liu, Emily, Tsai, Chi-Hao, Lu, Krystal Lynn, and Phan, Andrew
Efficacy of Guardian Cap Soft-Shell Padding on Head Impact Kinematics in American Football: Pilot Findings
Creator:
Lauck, Bradley J., Mincberg, David L., Sinnott, Aaron M., Pinapaka, Hari, Van Dyke, Charles, Chandler, Madison C., and Mihalik, Jason P.
Date of publication:
2023
Abstract Tesim:
Sport-related concussion prevention strategies in collision sports are a primary interest for sporting organizations and policy makers. After-market soft-shell padding purports to augment the protective capabilities of standard football helmets and to reduce head impact severity. We compared head impact kinematics [peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak rotational acceleration (PRA)] in athletes wearing Guardian Cap soft-shell padding to teammates without soft-shell padding. Ten Division I college football players were enrolled [soft-shell padding (SHELL) included four defensive linemen and one tight end; non-soft-shell (CONTROL) included two offensive linemen, two defensive linemen, and one tight end]. Participants wore helmets equipped with the Head Impact Telemetry System to quantify PLA (g) and PRA (rad/s2) during 14 practices. Two-way ANOVAs were conducted to compare log-transformed PLA and PRA between groups across helmet location and gameplay characteristics. In total, 968 video-confirmed head impacts between SHELL (n = 421) and CONTROL (n = 547) were analyzed. We observed a Group x Stance interaction for PRA (F1,963 = 7.21; p = 0.007) indicating greater PRA by SHELL during 2-point stance and lower PRA during 3- or 4-point stances compared to CONTROL. There were no between-group main effects. Protective soft-shell padding did not reduce head impact kinematic outcomes among college football athletes.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Exercise and Sport Science and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/1tn6-f783
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20216991
ISSN:
1660-4601
Journal Issue:
21
Journal Title:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Journal Volume:
20
Keyword:
repetitive head impact exposure, equipment add-on, intervention strategies, injury prevention, brain injury, and concussion
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
Page Start:
6991
Person:
Lauck, Bradley J., Mincberg, David L., Sinnott, Aaron M., Pinapaka, Hari, Van Dyke, Charles, Chandler, Madison C., and Mihalik, Jason P.
“Caregiving Youth” and the Patchwork History of Recognition in the United States
Creator:
Olson, Elizabeth and Edmonds, Leiha
Date of publication:
2023
Abstract Tesim:
This article examines the U.S. legislative and policy landscape and its historical and contemporary recognition of young people as caregivers and their importance to public health, both as care providers and as a category of special concern for overall wellbeing. Drawing on feminist geographies of health to situate a historical analysis, we aim to answer two key questions: First, what is the history of recognition of caregiving youth in key moments of federal action to address family caregiving needs? Second, how might we use this history to better understand and analyze the patchwork geography of caregiving youth recognition in the U.S. and other countries that similarly lack formal national policy recognition to improve and enhance public health? We use the term patchwork to describe how federal recognition of caregiving youth in broader debates about public health is uneven across both time and space, and contingent upon civil society, non-profit organizations, and researchers working in and with geographically bound communities. Our results illustrate how a focus on the relationships of recognition, both in the past and the present and at local and national scales, reveals a different perspective on caregiving youth in the U.S. with a much more complex history than previously identified. The article describes how relationships established in the absence of federal policy or legislation are sometimes directed towards building more formal recognition, and other times with the goal of changing practices in a specific location.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Geography
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/zt2v-9y28
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20206920
ISSN:
1660-4601
Journal Issue:
20
Journal Title:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Journal Volume:
20
Keyword:
feminist geography, history, caregiving youth, care, critical health geographies, and United States
Unlocking the Molecular Secrets of Antifolate Drug Resistance: A Multi-Omics Investigation of the NCI-60 Cell Line Panel
Creator:
Rushing, Blake R.
Date of publication:
2023
Abstract Tesim:
Drug resistance continues to be a significant problem in cancer therapy, leading to relapse and associated mortality. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding drug resistance, significant knowledge gaps remain concerning the molecular underpinnings that drive drug resistance and which processes are unique to certain drug classes. The NCI-60 cell line panel program has evaluated the activity of numerous anticancer agents against many common cancer cell line models and represents a highly valuable resource to study intrinsic drug resistance. Furthermore, great efforts have been undertaken to collect high-quality omics datasets to characterize these cell lines. The current study takes these two sources of data—drug response and omics profiles—and uses a multi-omics investigation to uncover molecular networks that differentiate cancer cells that are sensitive or resistant to antifolates, which is a commonly used class of anticancer drugs. Results from a combination of univariate and multivariate analyses showed numerous metabolic processes that differentiate sensitive and resistant cells, including differences in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, arginine and proline metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, purine metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. Further analysis using multivariate and integrated pathway analysis indicated purine metabolism as the major metabolic process separating cancer cells sensitive or resistant to antifolates. Additional pathways differentiating sensitive and resistant cells included autophagy-related processes (e.g., phagosome, lysosome, autophagy, mitophagy) and adhesion/cytoskeleton-related pathways (e.g., focal adhesion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, tight junction). Volcano plot analysis and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of top selected variables differentiating Q1 and Q4 revealed the importance of genes involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM). These results provide novel insights toward mechanisms of intrinsic antifolate resistance as it relates to interactions between nucleotide metabolism, autophagy, and the cytoskeleton. These processes should be evaluated in future studies to potentially derive novel therapeutic strategies and personalized treatment approaches to improve antifolate response.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Nutrition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/fwxp-zj88
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092532
ISSN:
2227-9059
Journal Issue:
9
Journal Title:
Biomedicines
Journal Volume:
11
Keyword:
multi-omics, drug resistance, copy number variants, antifolates, DNA methylation, cancer, metabolomics, metabolism, transcriptomics, and proteomics
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
Page Start:
2532
Person:
Rushing, Blake R.
Publisher:
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Two-Way Immersion Classrooms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Parent and Teacher Perceptions of Student Learning
Creator:
Franco-Jenkins X., Winsler A., Ordoñez Rojas D., and LaForett D.R.
Date of publication:
2023
Abstract Tesim:
The present study examined parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of student learning in Spanish–English Dual Language Education (DLE) programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants included 72 parents of students from kindergarten to second grade and eight teachers in two schools in the southeastern U.S. Parents retrospectively reported their perceptions of their children’s instruction and learning experiences in English and Spanish during the 2020–2021 school year. Teachers reported if their students had opportunities to practice oral bilingual skills and their perception of students’ improvement in English and Spanish skills. Parents reported that there were more opportunities to practice English than there were to practice Spanish. Teachers reported that remote instruction offered fewer opportunities than hybrid instruction did to practice oral language skills. Overall, the teachers agreed that students’ language skills in English and Spanish improved. Similarly, the parents agreed that students’ language skills improved; however, they reported that their English skills improved more than their Spanish skills did. Student and family background factors, such as language fluency and parental education, were negatively associated with barriers to remote access. Implications for future research and suggestions for supporting students attending DLE programs during remote instruction are offered.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/ds8y-d355
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci13090946
ISSN:
2227-7102
Journal Issue:
9
Journal Title:
Education Sciences
Journal Volume:
13
Keyword:
bilingual education, remote instruction, elementary school, two-way immersion (TWI), COVID-19, and dual language education
Language Label:
English
License Label:
Attribution 4.0 International
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
and George Mason University
Person:
Franco-Jenkins X., Winsler A., Ordoñez Rojas D., and LaForett D.R.
Publisher:
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)