Prolonged tenofovir treatment of macaques infected with K65R reverse transcriptase mutants of SIV results in the development of antiviral immune responses that control virus replication after drug withdrawal

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  • Van Rompay, Koen K A
    • Other Affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
  • Trott, Kristin A
    • Other Affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
  • Jayashankar, Kartika
    • Other Affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
  • Geng, Yongzhi
    • Other Affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
  • LaBranche, Celia C
    • Other Affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
  • Johnson, Jeffrey A
    • Other Affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Atlanta, GE, 30333, USA
  • Landucci, Gary
    • Other Affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
  • Lipscomb, Jonathan
    • Other Affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Atlanta, GE, 30333, USA
  • Tarara, Ross P
    • Other Affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
  • Canfield, Don R
    • Other Affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
  • Heneine, Walid
    • Other Affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Atlanta, GE, 30333, USA
  • Forthal, Donald N
    • Other Affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
  • Montefiori, David
    • Other Affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
  • Abel, Kristina
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Abstract
  • Abstract Background: We reported previously that while prolonged tenofovir monotherapy of macaques infected with virulent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) resulted invariably in the emergence of viral mutants with reduced in vitro drug susceptibility and a K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase, some animals controlled virus replication for years. Transient CD8+ cell depletion or short-term tenofovir interruption within 1 to 5 years of treatment demonstrated that a combination of CD8+ cell-mediated immune responses and continued tenofovir therapy was required for sustained suppression of viremia. We report here follow-up data on 5 such animals that received tenofovir for 8 to 14 years. Results: Although one animal had a gradual increase in viremia from 3 years onwards, the other 4 tenofovir-treated animals maintained undetectable viremia with occasional viral blips (≤ 300 RNA copies/ml plasma). When tenofovir was withdrawn after 8 to 10 years from three animals with undetectable viremia, the pattern of occasional episodes of low viremia (≤ 3600 RNA/ml plasma) continued throughout the 10-month follow-up period. These animals had low virus levels in lymphoid tissues, and evidence of multiple SIV-specific immune responses. Conclusion: Under certain conditions (i.e., prolonged antiviral therapy initiated early after infection; viral mutants with reduced drug susceptibility) a virus-host balance characterized by strong immunologic control of virus replication can be achieved. Although further research is needed to translate these findings into clinical applications, these observations provide hope for a functional cure of HIV infection via immunotherapeutic strategies that boost antiviral immunity and reduce the need for continuous antiretroviral therapy.
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  • Article
Rights statement
  • In Copyright
Rights holder
  • Koen K A Van Rompay et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
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Journal title
  • Retrovirology
Journal volume
  • 9
Journal issue
  • 1
Page start
  • 57
Language
  • English
Is the article or chapter peer-reviewed?
  • Yes
ISSN
  • 1742-4690
Bibliographic citation
  • Retrovirology. 2012 Jul 17;9(1):57
Publisher
  • BioMed Central Ltd
Access right
  • Open Access
Date uploaded
  • March 22, 2013

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