The forecasted prevalence of comorbidities and multimorbidity in people with HIV in the United States through the year 2030: A modeling study

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  • Althoff K.N.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  • Stewart C.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  • Humes E.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  • Gerace L.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  • Boyd C.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  • Gebo K.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
  • Justice A.C.
    • Other Affiliation: Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System
  • Hyle E.P.
    • Other Affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital
  • Coburn S.B.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  • Lang R.
    • Other Affiliation: University of Calgary
  • Silverberg M.J.
    • Other Affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Northern California
  • Horberg M.A.
    • Other Affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group
  • Lima V.D.
    • Other Affiliation: British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS
  • Gill M.J.
    • Other Affiliation: University of Calgary
  • Karris M.
    • Other Affiliation: University of California San Diego
  • Rebeiro P.F.
    • Other Affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
  • Thorne J.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
  • Rich A.J.
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Social Medicine
  • Crane H.
    • Other Affiliation: University of Washington
  • Kitahata M.
    • Other Affiliation: University of Washington
  • Rubtsova A.
    • Other Affiliation: Emory University
  • Wong C.
    • Other Affiliation: Pfizer Inc.
  • Leng S.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
  • Marconi V.C.
    • Other Affiliation: Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System
  • D’Souza G.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  • Kim H.N.
    • Other Affiliation: University of Washington
  • Napravnik S.
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Medicine
  • McGinnis K.
    • Other Affiliation: Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System
  • Kirk G.D.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  • Sterling T.R.
    • Other Affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
  • Moore R.D.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
  • Kasaie P.
    • Other Affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Abstract
  • Background AU Estimating: Pleaseconfirmthatallheadinglevelsarerepresentedcorrectly the medical complexity of people aging with HIV :can inform clinical programs and policy to meet future healthcare needs. The objective of our study was to forecast the prevalence of comorbidities and multimorbidity among people with HIV (PWH) using antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the United States (US) through 2030. Methods and findings Using the PEARL model—an agent-based simulation of PWH who have initiated ART in the US—the prevalence of anxiety, depression, stage ≥3 chronic kidney disease (CKD), dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, end-stage liver disease (ESLD), myocardial infarction (MI), and multimorbidity (≥2 mental or physical comorbidities, other than HIV) were forecasted through 2030. Simulations were informed by the US CDC HIV surveillance data of new HIV diagnosis and the longitudinal North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD) data on risk of comorbidities from 2009 to 2017. The simulated population represented 15 subgroups of PWH including Hispanic, non-Hispanic White (White), and non-Hispanic Black/African American (Black/AA) men who have sex with men (MSM), men and women with history of injection drug use and heterosexual men and women. Simulations were replicated for 200 runs and forecasted outcomes are presented as median values (95% uncertainty ranges are presented in the Supporting information). In 2020, PEARL forecasted a median population of 670,000 individuals receiving ART in the US, of whom 9% men and 4% women with history of injection drug use, 60% MSM, 8% heterosexual men, and 19% heterosexual women. Additionally, 44% were Black/AA, 32% White, and 23% Hispanic. Along with a gradual rise in population size of PWH receiving ART—reaching 908,000 individuals by 2030—PEARL forecasted a surge in prevalence of most comorbidities to 2030. Depression and/or anxiety was high and increased from 60% in 2020 to 64% in 2030. Hypertension decreased while dyslipidemia, diabetes, CKD, and MI increased. There was little change in prevalence of cancer and ESLD. The forecasted multimorbidity among PWH receiving ART increased from 63% in 2020 to 70% in 2030. There was heterogeneity in trends across subgroups. Among Black women with history of injection drug use in 2030 (oldest demographic subgroup with median age of 66 year), dyslipidemia, CKD, hypertension, diabetes, anxiety, and depression were most prevalent, with 92% experiencing multimorbidity. Among Black MSM in 2030 (youngest demographic subgroup with median age of 42 year), depression and CKD were highly prevalent, with 57% experiencing multimorbidity. These results are limited by the assumption that trends in new HIV diagnoses, mortality, and comorbidity risk observed in 2009 to 2017 will persist through 2030; influences occurring outside this period are not accounted for in the forecasts. Conclusions The PEARL forecasts suggest a continued rise in comorbidity and multimorbidity prevalence to 2030, marked by heterogeneities across race/ethnicity, gender, and HIV acquisition risk subgroups. HIV clinicians must stay current on the ever-changing comorbidities-specific guidelines to provide guideline-recommended care. HIV clinical directors should ensure linkages to subspecialty care within the clinic or by referral. HIV policy decision-makers must allocate resources and support extended clinical capacity to meet the healthcare needs of people aging with HIV.
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DOI
Identifier
Resource type
  • Article
Rights statement
  • In Copyright
License
  • Attribution 4.0 International
Journal title
  • PLoS Medicine
Journal volume
  • 21
Journal issue
  • 1
Language
  • English
Version
  • Postprint
Funder
  • National Institutes of Health, NIH, (K01AI138853, R01 AG053100, R01AG069575, U01AI069918)
ISSN
  • 1549-1277
Publisher
  • Public Library of Science

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