SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit durable immune responses in infant rhesus macaques

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  • Garrido, C.
    • Other Affiliation: Duke University Medical Center
  • Curtis, A.D., 2nd
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
  • Dennis, M.
    • Other Affiliation: Duke University Medical Center
  • Pathak, S.H.
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
  • Gao, H.
    • Other Affiliation: Duke University Medical Center
  • Montefiori, D.
    • Other Affiliation: Duke University Medical Center
  • Tomai, M.
    • Other Affiliation: 3M Corporate Research Materials Laboratory
  • Fox, C.B.
    • Other Affiliation: Infectious Disease Research Institute
  • Kozlowski, P.A.
    • Other Affiliation: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
  • Scobey, T.
    • Affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology
  • Munt, J.E.
    • Affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology
  • Mallory, M.L.
    • Affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology
  • Saha, P.T.
    • Affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Biostatistics
  • Hudgens, M.G.
    • Affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Biostatistics
  • Lindesmith, L.C.
    • Affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology
  • Baric, R.S.
    • Affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology
  • Abiona, O.M.
    • Other Affiliation: National Institutes of Health
  • Graham, B.
    • Other Affiliation: National Institutes of Health
  • Corbett, K.S.
    • Other Affiliation: National Institutes of Health
  • Edwards, D.
    • Other Affiliation: Moderna, Inc.
  • Carfi, A.
    • Other Affiliation: Moderna, Inc.
  • Fouda, G.
    • Other Affiliation: Duke University Medical Center
  • Van Rompay, K.K.A.
    • Other Affiliation: University of California, Davis
  • De Paris, K.
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
  • Permar, S.R.
    • Other Affiliation: Cornell Weill Medical College
Abstract
  • The inclusion of infants in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine roll-out is important to prevent severe complications of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections and to limit transmission and could possibly be implemented via the global pediatric vaccine schedule. However, age-dependent differences in immune function require careful evaluation of novel vaccines in the pediatric population. Toward this goal, we assessed the safety and immunogenicity of two SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Two groups of 8 infant rhesus macaques (RMs) were immunized intramuscularly at weeks 0 and 4 with stabilized prefusion SARS-CoV-2 S-2P spike (S) protein encoded by mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNP) or the purified S protein mixed with 3M-052, a synthetic TLR7/8 agonist in a squalene emulsion (Protein+3M-052-SE). Neither vaccine induced adverse effects. Both vaccines elicited high magnitude IgG binding to RBD, N terminus domain, S1, and S2, ACE2 blocking activity, and high neutralizing antibody titers, all peaking at week 6. S-specific memory B cells were detected by week 4 and S-specific T cell responses were dominated by the production of IL-17, IFN-γ, or TNF-α. Antibody and cellular responses were stable through week 22. The immune responses for the mRNA-LNP vaccine were of a similar magnitude to those elicited by the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine in adults. The S-2P mRNA-LNP and Protein-3M-052-SE vaccines were well-tolerated and highly immunogenic in infant RMs, providing proof-of concept for a pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with the potential for durable immunity that might decrease the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and mitigate the ongoing health and socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19.
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  • Article
Rights statement
  • In Copyright
License
  • Attribution 3.0 United States
Journal title
  • Science immunology
Journal volume
  • 6
Journal issue
  • 60
Language
  • English
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  • Publisher
ISSN
  • 2470-9468
Publisher
  • NLM (Medline)

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