Joint analyses of human milk fatty acids, phospholipids, and choline in association with cognition and temperament traits during the first 6 months of life

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  • Li, Tengfei
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Radiology
  • Samuel, Tinu M.
    • Other Affiliation: Nestlé S.A.
  • Zhu, Ziliang
    • Affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Biostatistics
  • Howell, Brittany
    • Other Affiliation: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
  • Cho, Seoyoon
    • Affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Biostatistics
  • Baluyot, Kristine
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Imaging Center
  • Hazlett, Heather
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
  • Elison, Jed T.
    • Other Affiliation: University of Minnesota
  • Wu, Di
    • Affiliation: School of Dentistry
  • Hauser, Jonas
    • Other Affiliation: Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences
  • Sprenger, Norbert
    • Other Affiliation: Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences
  • Zhu, Hongtu
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Imaging Center
  • Lin, Weili
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Radiology
Abstract
  • Early dietary exposure via human milk nutrients offers a window of opportunity to support cognitive and temperament development. While several studies have focused on associations of few pre-selected human milk nutrients with cognition and temperament, it is highly plausible that human milk nutrients synergistically and jointly support cognitive and behavioral development in early life. We aimed to discern the combined associations of three major classes of human milk nutrients with cognition and temperament during the first 6 months of life when human milk is the primary source of an infant’s nutrition and explore whether there were persistent effects up to 18 months old. The Mullen Scales of Early Learning and Infant Behavior Questionnaires—Revised were used to assess cognition and temperament, respectively, of 54 exclusively/predominantly breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life, whose follow-ups were conducted at 6–9, 9–12, and 12–18 months old. Human milk samples were obtained from the mothers of the participants at less than 6 months of age and analyzed for fatty acids [total monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acid, total saturated fatty acid (TSFA), arachidonic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), ARA/DHA, omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (n-6/n-3)], phospholipids [phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), sphingomyelin], and choline [free choline, phosphocholine (PCho), glycerophosphocholine]. Feature selection was performed to select nutrients associated with cognition and temperament. The combined effects of selected nutrients were analyzed using multiple regression. A positive association between the arachidonic acid (ARA) and surgency was observed (p = 0.024). A significant effect of DHA, n-6/n-3, PE, and TSFA concentrations on receptive language (R2 = 0.39, p = 0.025) and the elevated ARA, PCho, and PI with increased surgency (R2 = 0.43, p = 0.003) was identified, suggesting that DHA and ARA may have distinct roles for temperament and language functions. Furthermore, the exploratory association analyses suggest that the effects of human milk nutrients on R.L. and surgency may persist beyond the first 6 months of life, particularly surgency at 12–18 months (p = 0.002). Our study highlighted that various human milk nutrients work together to support the development of cognition and temperament traits during early infancy.
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  • Article
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  • Attribution 4.0 International
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  • Frontiers in Nutrition
Journal volume
  • 9
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  • English
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  • 2296-861X

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