Reducing exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun and indoor tanning: A meta-analysis

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  • Sheeran, P.
    • Affiliation: College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
  • Goldstein, A.O.
    • Affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine
  • Abraham, C.
    • Other Affiliation: University of Melbourne
  • Eaker, K.
    • Affiliation: College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
  • Wright, C.E.
    • Affiliation: College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
  • Villegas, M.E.
    • Affiliation: College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
  • Jones, K.
    • Other Affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
  • Avishai, A.
    • Affiliation: College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
  • Miles, E.
    • Other Affiliation: University of Sussex
  • Gates, K.M.
    • Affiliation: College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
  • Noar, S.M.
    • Affiliation: Hussman School of Journalism and Media
Abstract
  • Objective: Skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and rates are increasing because of global warming. This article reports a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of behavioral interventions to reduce exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The review aimed to (a) quantify the magnitude of intervention effects on indoor tanning, sun exposure, and sunscreen use, and (b) determine which intervention strategies maximize behavior change. Method: Out of 17,437 records identified via literature searches, 190 independent tests (N = 89,365) met the inclusion criteria. Sample, intervention, and methodological characteristics, and change techniques were coded, and random effects meta-analyses and metaregressions were conducted. Results: The sample-weighted average effect size across all studies was d+ = .193 (95% confidence interval, CI [.161, .226]), and there were significant effects on indoor tanning, sun exposure, and sunscreen use (d+ = .080, .149, and .196, respectively). However, there was evidence of publication bias, and trim and fill analyses indicated that the corrected effects for sun exposure and sunscreen use were of very small magnitude (d+.06) and were not significantly different from zero for indoor tanning (d+ = -.011, 95% CI [-.096, .074]). Metaregression analyses identified several intervention strategies that predicted effect sizes. For instance, interventions delivered individually that promoted alternatives to tanning were associated with larger effect sizes for indoor tanning. Conclusion: Interventions to date have had only a modest impact on behavioral exposure to UVR. The present findings offer new insights into how the effectiveness of future interventions can be improved.
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  • Article
Rights statement
  • In Copyright
Journal title
  • Health Psychology
Journal volume
  • 39
Journal issue
  • 7
Page start
  • 600
Page end
  • 616
Language
  • English
ISSN
  • 0278-6133
Publisher
  • American Psychological Association Inc.

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