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Cedar L. Mitchell, Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanana, Rebecca E. Colman, Joseph Busch, Heidie Hornstra-O’Neill, Paul S. Keim, David M. Wagner, Minoarisoa Rajerison, Dawn N. Birdsell
Low cost, low tech SNP genotyping tools for resource-limited areas: Plague in Madagascar as a model
www.plosntds.org
www.plosntds.org
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3.702 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(20)Tj
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(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(22)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-13.2093 -1.3039 Td
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1.3379 0 Td
(illustrate)Tj
3.6964 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(effectiveness)Tj
5.2044 0 Td
(of)Tj
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(agarose-MAMA)Tj
6.718 0 Td
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(a)Tj
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(genotyping)Tj
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5.1704 0 Td
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/F12 1 Tf
4.2746 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.0432 0 Td
[()4()8()9( )7()-4()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
2.313 0 Td
(assays)Tj
2.6249 0 Td
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1.3889 0 Td
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(\(IPM\).)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
2.9197 0 Td
[()]TJ
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(.)Tj
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1.0431 0 Td
[()4()8()9( )7()-4()]TJ
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2.3131 0 Td
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1.4683 0 Td
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4.2916 0 Td
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0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
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[()4()8()9( )7()-4()]TJ
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0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(26)Tj
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-35.2004 -1.2983 Td
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([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
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(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(25)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
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3.0954 0 Td
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1.4683 0 Td
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1.559 0 Td
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(decades,)Tj
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(has)Tj
-34.2082 -1.3039 Td
(reported)Tj
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(some)Tj
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1.0147 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
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3.0897 0 Td
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4.4334 0 Td
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(human)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
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2.8346 0 Td
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4.1499 0 Td
(throughout)Tj
4.7792 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(world)Tj
-33.3238 -1.2982 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(Given)Tj
2.6305 0 Td
(that)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.7802 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.0431 0 Td
[()4()8()9( )7()-4()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
2.3131 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(re-emerging)Tj
5.1477 0 Td
(public)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(health)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(threat)Tj
2.5738 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(Madagascar)Tj
4.9946 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(27)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(and)Tj
-33.8057 -1.2983 Td
(other)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(developing)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(African)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(nations,)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(performing)Tj
4.7962 0 Td
(SNP)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(typing)Tj
2.7723 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(through)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(use)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(agarose-)Tj
-33.6016 -1.3039 Td
(MAMA)Tj
3.3732 0 Td
(tools)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(lead)Tj
1.8481 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(greatly)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(improved)Tj
4.1102 0 Td
(epidemiological)Tj
6.5593 0 Td
(investigations)Tj
5.7203 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(effec-)Tj
-35.24 -1.2983 Td
(tive)Tj
1.661 0 Td
(disease)Tj
3.0218 0 Td
(management.)Tj
-3.4866 -1.2983 Td
(Here,)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(describe)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(how)Tj
1.9388 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(resolved)Tj
3.5377 0 Td
(technological)Tj
5.5388 0 Td
(limitations)Tj
4.5298 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(prevented)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
4.2066 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.0488 0 Td
[()4()8()9( )7()-4()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
2.3131 0 Td
(SNP)Tj
-34.7015 -1.2982 Td
(genotyping)Tj
4.7168 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.982 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(IPM)Tj
2.0126 0 Td
(by:)Tj
1.406 0 Td
(1\))Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(re-designing)Tj
5.2384 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(SNP-based)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
4.5921 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.0431 0 Td
[()4()8()9( )7()-4()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
2.3131 0 Td
(genotyping)Tj
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(system)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
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(melt-MAMA)Tj
5.5105 0 Td
(real-time)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
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3.702 0 Td
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1.0261 0 Td
(agarose-MAMA\))Tj
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1.0262 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(compatible)Tj
4.6602 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
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(Madagascar,)Tj
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(and)Tj
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(2\))Tj
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(these)Tj
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(developing)Tj
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(nations)Tj
3.1804 0 Td
(affected)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(plague)Tj
2.8347 0 Td
(and/or)Tj
2.9366 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(pathogens)Tj
4.303 0 Td
(common)Tj
3.8437 0 Td
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1.0262 0 Td
(low-resource)Tj
5.4141 0 Td
(settings.)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
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1.1112 0 Td
(addi-)Tj
-34.9793 -1.2983 Td
(tion,)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
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2.1373 0 Td
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3.6113 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.9106 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
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1.6271 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
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1.0261 0 Td
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2.3471 0 Td
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6.4629 0 Td
(methods)Tj
3.685 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(can)Tj
-36.0281 -1.3039 Td
(feed)Tj
1.8821 0 Td
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1.8426 0 Td
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3.3108 0 Td
(global)Tj
2.6305 0 Td
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(ability)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
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(exchange)Tj
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(the)Tj
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(advancing)Tj
4.32 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
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3.9344 0 Td
(knowledge)Tj
4.5411 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
(dangerous)Tj
4.3823 0 Td
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4.1329 0 Td
(diseases.)Tj
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 209.9905 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Results)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.989 0 Td
(discussion)Tj
/F0 1 Tf
-5.7874 -1.4976 Td
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4.1197 0 Td
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1.0441 0 Td
(technological)Tj
5.9764 0 Td
(barriers:)Tj
3.841 0 Td
(Agarose)Tj
3.9024 0 Td
(MAMAa)Tj
4.2992 0 Td
(highly)Tj
2.7922 0 Td
(accurate)Tj
-25.975 -1.1669 Td
(genetic)Tj
3.4016 0 Td
(typing)Tj
2.8535 0 Td
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Q
q
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BT
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1.61 0 Td
(present)Tj
3.1635 0 Td
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0.6519 0 Td
(SNP)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
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(that)Tj
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(standard)Tj
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3.0671 0 Td
(equipment)Tj
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(and)Tj
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(reagents)Tj
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(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(are)Tj
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1.0261 0 Td
(nearly)Tj
2.6986 0 Td
(any)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(laboratory.)Tj
4.5808 0 Td
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1.7801 0 Td
(successful)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(development)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(agarose-MAMA)Tj
6.718 0 Td
(tools)Tj
-33.1367 -1.3039 Td
(removes)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(dependence)Tj
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(on)Tj
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(real-time)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(instruments)Tj
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(SNP-based)Tj
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(epidemiological)Tj
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(studies.)Tj
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1.9106 0 Td
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4.0025 0 Td
(infectious)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(diseases)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(most)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(globally)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(prevalent)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
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1.0375 0 Td
(resource)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(chal-)Tj
-34.2252 -1.2983 Td
(lenged)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(countries)Tj
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([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(30)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(building)Tj
3.5716 0 Td
(research)Tj
3.5603 0 Td
(capacities)Tj
4.0649 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
(regions)Tj
3.1635 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
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(a)Tj
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(goal)Tj
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(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.2854 -1.3039 Td
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2.8346 0 Td
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2.9196 0 Td
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5.5219 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(other)Tj
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(agencies)Tj
3.566 0 Td
(charged)Tj
3.3958 0 Td
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1.9956 0 Td
(global)Tj
2.6249 0 Td
(biosafety,)Tj
3.9855 0 Td
(response,)Tj
3.9571 0 Td
(and)Tj
-34.8772 -1.2982 Td
(biosecurity)Tj
4.6261 0 Td
(efforts)Tj
2.7552 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(32)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(33)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(It)Tj
0.8617 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(now)Tj
1.9616 0 Td
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