ingest cdrApp 2017-07-06T11:57:11.960Z f47fee2b-b335-4530-8fc6-0075e2c9b39d modifyDatastreamByValue RELS-EXT fedoraAdmin 2017-07-06T12:15:34.692Z Setting exclusive relation modifyDatastreamByValue RELS-EXT fedoraAdmin 2017-07-06T12:15:43.208Z Setting exclusive relation addDatastream MD_TECHNICAL fedoraAdmin 2017-07-06T12:15:51.498Z Adding technical metadata derived by FITS modifyDatastreamByValue RELS-EXT fedoraAdmin 2017-07-06T12:15:59.928Z Setting exclusive relation addDatastream MD_FULL_TEXT fedoraAdmin 2017-07-06T12:16:08.689Z Adding full text metadata extracted by Apache Tika modifyDatastreamByValue RELS-EXT fedoraAdmin 2017-07-06T12:16:17.154Z Setting exclusive relation modifyDatastreamByValue RELS-EXT cdrApp 2017-07-06T12:26:42.852Z Setting exclusive relation modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-01-04T17:49:16.043Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-01-25T08:23:12.558Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-01-27T08:44:03.718Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-03-14T05:13:02.771Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-05-17T16:46:40.264Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-07-11T03:39:06.615Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-07-17T23:57:06.409Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-08-15T20:05:47.068Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-09-21T20:23:12.108Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-09-26T23:42:30.256Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-10-12T00:17:10.808Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2019-03-20T18:17:57.826Z Ariel Atkinson Author Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN INNOVATIVE ANTI-BIOFOULING REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE FOR WATER PURIFICATION APPLICATIONS Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. Spring 2017 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole, anti-biofouling, carbodiimide induced grafting, membrane casting, Reverse osmosis membranes, surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text Ariel Atkinson Author Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Development and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Anti-Biofouling Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Water Purification Applications Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. Spring 2017 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole, anti-biofouling, carbodiimide induced grafting, membrane casting, Reverse osmosis membranes, surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text Ariel Atkinson Creator Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Development and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Anti-Biofouling Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Water Purification Applications Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. Spring 2017 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole, anti-biofouling, carbodiimide induced grafting, membrane casting, Reverse osmosis membranes, surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text Ariel Atkinson Creator Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Development and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Anti-Biofouling Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Water Purification Applications Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. Spring 2017 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole, anti-biofouling, carbodiimide induced grafting, membrane casting, Reverse osmosis membranes, surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text Ariel Atkinson Creator Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Development and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Anti-Biofouling Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Water Purification Applications Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. 2017-05 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole, anti-biofouling, carbodiimide induced grafting, membrane casting, Reverse osmosis membranes, surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text Ariel Atkinson Creator Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Development and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Anti-Biofouling Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Water Purification Applications Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole, anti-biofouling, carbodiimide induced grafting, membrane casting, Reverse osmosis membranes, surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text 2017-05 Ariel Atkinson Creator Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Development and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Anti-Biofouling Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Water Purification Applications Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole, anti-biofouling, carbodiimide induced grafting, membrane casting, Reverse osmosis membranes, surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text 2017-05 Ariel Atkinson Creator Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Development and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Anti-Biofouling Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Water Purification Applications Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole, anti-biofouling, carbodiimide induced grafting, membrane casting, Reverse osmosis membranes, surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text 2017-05 Ariel Atkinson Creator Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Development and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Anti-Biofouling Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Water Purification Applications Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole, anti-biofouling, carbodiimide induced grafting, membrane casting, Reverse osmosis membranes, surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text 2017-05 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Degree granting institution Ariel Atkinson Creator Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Development and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Anti-Biofouling Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Water Purification Applications Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole, anti-biofouling, carbodiimide induced grafting, membrane casting, Reverse osmosis membranes, surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text 2017-05 Ariel Atkinson Creator Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Development and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Anti-Biofouling Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Water Purification Applications Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole; anti-biofouling; carbodiimide induced grafting; membrane casting; Reverse osmosis membranes; surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text 2017-05 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Degree granting institution Ariel Atkinson Creator Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Development and Performance Evaluation of an Innovative Anti-Biofouling Reverse Osmosis Membrane for Water Purification Applications Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole, anti-biofouling, carbodiimide induced grafting, membrane casting, Reverse osmosis membranes, surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Environmental Sciences and Engineering Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text 2017-05 Ariel Atkinson Creator Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health Biofouling is a main operational problem plaguing membrane use in the water purification industry. Biofouling limits water productivity, water quality, membrane life, and increases operational costs. Therefore, developing an effective, widely applicable technology to control biofouling would facilitate membrane implementation and enable efficient use of membrane technology. Accordingly, the overall goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane(s) with 2-aminoimidazoles (2-AIs) incorporated as the active compound. 2-AIs are non-biocidal, bioactive compounds that actively disrupt biofilm formation mechanisms. 2-AIs are unique because they are one of the only compound classes that actively disrupts biofilm formation across different bacteria phyla, classes, and orders. To achieve the overall goal, the following specific objectives were met: (1) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of commercially available RO membranes, (2) to develop an anti-biofouling water purification membrane(s) through 2-AI incorporation into active layers of RO membranes during active layer casting, (3) to characterize 2-AI membrane(s) performance in terms of biofouling inhibition, water productivity, and contaminant removal. Experimental results led to the following conclusions: (i) 2-AI membranes significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by 39-96% (p=0.002-0.12) due to the presence of 2-AI and not changes in membrane physico-chemical properties. (ii) Compared to (2-AI lacking) control membranes, 2-AI incorporation decreased initial membrane water permeability by 0-44% and salt rejection by -0.4-4.3 percentage points, without efforts to optimize these parameters. (iii) Incorporating 2-AI into active layers of commercial RO membranes by activating carboxylic acid groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide produced a more effective membrane than incorporating 2-AI during active layer casting. (iv) Under operationally realistic conditions (e.g., using cross-flow and real waters), biofilm formation was significantly inhibited (98%, p<0.001) by 2-AI membranes; and when biofilm formation was a fouling mechanism, 2-AI membranes had higher water permeability (10-11%) and organics rejection (11-12 percentage points) than (2-AI-lacking) control membranes. Overall, this work constitutes the proof-of-concept for 2-AI membranes and 2-AI incorporation represents a promising, novel enhancement for biofouling prevention and control. Based on these results, further 2-AI membrane optimization and performance testing is warranted. 2017 Environmental science Environmental engineering Materials Science 2-aminoimidazole; anti-biofouling; carbodiimide induced grafting; membrane casting; Reverse osmosis membranes; surface modification eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Orlando Coronell Thesis advisor Maria José Farré Thesis advisor Avram Gold Thesis advisor Jill Stewart Thesis advisor Howard Weinberg Thesis advisor Zhenfa Zhang Thesis advisor text 2017-05 Atkinson_unc_0153D_17028.pdf uuid:21d9a99f-16b9-4d54-98e5-adac6fff00fe 2017-05-01T16:47:28Z proquest 2019-07-06T00:00:00 application/pdf 6233656 yes