ingest cdrApp 2018-06-13T18:26:58.671Z 51cd2fe2-3fd7-401f-a923-a97bc3db68a2 modifyDatastreamByValue RELS-EXT fedoraAdmin 2018-06-13T19:29:22.674Z Setting exclusive relation addDatastream MD_TECHNICAL fedoraAdmin 2018-06-13T19:29:34.019Z Adding technical metadata derived by FITS addDatastream MD_FULL_TEXT fedoraAdmin 2018-06-13T19:29:57.056Z Adding full text metadata extracted by Apache Tika modifyDatastreamByValue RELS-EXT fedoraAdmin 2018-06-13T19:30:19.767Z Setting exclusive relation modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-07-11T16:08:34.104Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-07-18T11:40:35.944Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-08-21T20:29:53.467Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-09-27T21:45:09.167Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-10-12T11:49:12.186Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2018-10-17T17:07:37.682Z modifyDatastreamByValue MD_DESCRIPTIVE cdrApp 2019-03-21T22:08:23.941Z Heather Vincent Author Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine Regulation of mRNA Translation by Human Cytomegalovirus pTRS1 Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major public health burden. Acute infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital birth defects, and reactivation of a latent infection in immune compromised individuals can cause significant morbidity and mortality. HCMV does not encode its own ribosomes, and is therefore completely reliant on the host translation machinery for viral protein synthesis. HCMV also does not induce host translational shutoff upon infection, thus viral mRNAs must compete with cellular mRNAs to efficiently translate viral proteins. The HCMV protein TRS1 (pTRS1) plays an integral role in translation regulation during HCMV replication by antagonizing the antiviral kinase PKR. Activated PKR phosphorylates eIF2α, which causes an overall inhibition of protein synthesis that inhibits HCMV replication. pTRS1 also increases overall levels of protein synthesis and enhances the translation of reporter mRNAs in a PKR-independent manner, showing that pTRS1 regulates mRNA translation through multiple mechanisms. In this dissertation I sought to define the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to stimulate translation. In chapter 1 I show that pTRS1 inhibits PKR activation by binding to PKR and inhibiting PKR kinase activity. pTRS1 binds PKR residues that are conserved across eIF2α kinases, suggesting that pTRS1 can antagonize multiple eIF2α kinases. In chapter 2 I show that pTRS1 stimulates cap-independent translation. pTRS1 enhances the activity of both host and viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and stimulates translation of a circular mRNA reporter. These pTRS1 functions were independent of its ability to antagonize PKR, but dependent on its ability to bind double-stranded RNA. To understand how pTRS1 stimulates translation, in chapter 4 I identify ribosome-associated, cellular proteins that bind pTRS1. I found that pTRS1 interacts with active protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits. Rather than affect PP1 catalytic activity, pTRS1 changes the complement of proteins that interact with the PP1 alpha catalytic subunit, possibly to regulate PP1 substrate specificity. Together these data further characterize the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to regulate mRNA translation and reveal how pTRS1 may contribute to the efficient translation of viral mRNAs during HCMV infection. Spring 2018 2018 Virology Molecular biology Microbiology herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus, mRNA translation, Protein kinase R, protein synthesis eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Microbiology and Immunology Nathaniel Moorman Thesis advisor Mark Heise Thesis advisor Stanley Lemon Thesis advisor Cary Moody Thesis advisor William Marzluff Thesis advisor Marty Ferris Thesis advisor text Heather Vincent Author Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine Regulation of mRNA Translation by Human Cytomegalovirus pTRS1 Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major public health burden. Acute infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital birth defects, and reactivation of a latent infection in immune compromised individuals can cause significant morbidity and mortality. HCMV does not encode its own ribosomes, and is therefore completely reliant on the host translation machinery for viral protein synthesis. HCMV also does not induce host translational shutoff upon infection, thus viral mRNAs must compete with cellular mRNAs to efficiently translate viral proteins. The HCMV protein TRS1 (pTRS1) plays an integral role in translation regulation during HCMV replication by antagonizing the antiviral kinase PKR. Activated PKR phosphorylates eIF2α, which causes an overall inhibition of protein synthesis that inhibits HCMV replication. pTRS1 also increases overall levels of protein synthesis and enhances the translation of reporter mRNAs in a PKR-independent manner, showing that pTRS1 regulates mRNA translation through multiple mechanisms. In this dissertation I sought to define the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to stimulate translation. In chapter 1 I show that pTRS1 inhibits PKR activation by binding to PKR and inhibiting PKR kinase activity. pTRS1 binds PKR residues that are conserved across eIF2α kinases, suggesting that pTRS1 can antagonize multiple eIF2α kinases. In chapter 2 I show that pTRS1 stimulates cap-independent translation. pTRS1 enhances the activity of both host and viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and stimulates translation of a circular mRNA reporter. These pTRS1 functions were independent of its ability to antagonize PKR, but dependent on its ability to bind double-stranded RNA. To understand how pTRS1 stimulates translation, in chapter 4 I identify ribosome-associated, cellular proteins that bind pTRS1. I found that pTRS1 interacts with active protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits. Rather than affect PP1 catalytic activity, pTRS1 changes the complement of proteins that interact with the PP1 alpha catalytic subunit, possibly to regulate PP1 substrate specificity. Together these data further characterize the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to regulate mRNA translation and reveal how pTRS1 may contribute to the efficient translation of viral mRNAs during HCMV infection. Spring 2018 2018 Virology Molecular biology Microbiology herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus, mRNA translation, Protein kinase R, protein synthesis eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Microbiology and Immunology Nathaniel Moorman Thesis advisor Mark Heise Thesis advisor Stanley Lemon Thesis advisor Cary Moody Thesis advisor William Marzluff Thesis advisor Marty Ferris Thesis advisor text Heather Vincent Author Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine Regulation of mRNA Translation by Human Cytomegalovirus pTRS1 Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major public health burden. Acute infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital birth defects, and reactivation of a latent infection in immune compromised individuals can cause significant morbidity and mortality. HCMV does not encode its own ribosomes, and is therefore completely reliant on the host translation machinery for viral protein synthesis. HCMV also does not induce host translational shutoff upon infection, thus viral mRNAs must compete with cellular mRNAs to efficiently translate viral proteins. The HCMV protein TRS1 (pTRS1) plays an integral role in translation regulation during HCMV replication by antagonizing the antiviral kinase PKR. Activated PKR phosphorylates eIF2α, which causes an overall inhibition of protein synthesis that inhibits HCMV replication. pTRS1 also increases overall levels of protein synthesis and enhances the translation of reporter mRNAs in a PKR-independent manner, showing that pTRS1 regulates mRNA translation through multiple mechanisms. In this dissertation I sought to define the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to stimulate translation. In chapter 1 I show that pTRS1 inhibits PKR activation by binding to PKR and inhibiting PKR kinase activity. pTRS1 binds PKR residues that are conserved across eIF2α kinases, suggesting that pTRS1 can antagonize multiple eIF2α kinases. In chapter 2 I show that pTRS1 stimulates cap-independent translation. pTRS1 enhances the activity of both host and viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and stimulates translation of a circular mRNA reporter. These pTRS1 functions were independent of its ability to antagonize PKR, but dependent on its ability to bind double-stranded RNA. To understand how pTRS1 stimulates translation, in chapter 4 I identify ribosome-associated, cellular proteins that bind pTRS1. I found that pTRS1 interacts with active protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits. Rather than affect PP1 catalytic activity, pTRS1 changes the complement of proteins that interact with the PP1 alpha catalytic subunit, possibly to regulate PP1 substrate specificity. Together these data further characterize the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to regulate mRNA translation and reveal how pTRS1 may contribute to the efficient translation of viral mRNAs during HCMV infection. Spring 2018 2018 Virology Molecular biology Microbiology herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus, mRNA translation, Protein kinase R, protein synthesis eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Microbiology and Immunology Nathaniel Moorman Thesis advisor Mark Heise Thesis advisor Stanley Lemon Thesis advisor Cary Moody Thesis advisor William Marzluff Thesis advisor Marty Ferris Thesis advisor text Heather Vincent Author Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine Regulation of mRNA Translation by Human Cytomegalovirus pTRS1 Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major public health burden. Acute infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital birth defects, and reactivation of a latent infection in immune compromised individuals can cause significant morbidity and mortality. HCMV does not encode its own ribosomes, and is therefore completely reliant on the host translation machinery for viral protein synthesis. HCMV also does not induce host translational shutoff upon infection, thus viral mRNAs must compete with cellular mRNAs to efficiently translate viral proteins. The HCMV protein TRS1 (pTRS1) plays an integral role in translation regulation during HCMV replication by antagonizing the antiviral kinase PKR. Activated PKR phosphorylates eIF2α, which causes an overall inhibition of protein synthesis that inhibits HCMV replication. pTRS1 also increases overall levels of protein synthesis and enhances the translation of reporter mRNAs in a PKR-independent manner, showing that pTRS1 regulates mRNA translation through multiple mechanisms. In this dissertation I sought to define the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to stimulate translation. In chapter 1 I show that pTRS1 inhibits PKR activation by binding to PKR and inhibiting PKR kinase activity. pTRS1 binds PKR residues that are conserved across eIF2α kinases, suggesting that pTRS1 can antagonize multiple eIF2α kinases. In chapter 2 I show that pTRS1 stimulates cap-independent translation. pTRS1 enhances the activity of both host and viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and stimulates translation of a circular mRNA reporter. These pTRS1 functions were independent of its ability to antagonize PKR, but dependent on its ability to bind double-stranded RNA. To understand how pTRS1 stimulates translation, in chapter 4 I identify ribosome-associated, cellular proteins that bind pTRS1. I found that pTRS1 interacts with active protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits. Rather than affect PP1 catalytic activity, pTRS1 changes the complement of proteins that interact with the PP1 alpha catalytic subunit, possibly to regulate PP1 substrate specificity. Together these data further characterize the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to regulate mRNA translation and reveal how pTRS1 may contribute to the efficient translation of viral mRNAs during HCMV infection. Spring 2018 2018 Virology Molecular biology Microbiology herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus, mRNA translation, Protein kinase R, protein synthesis eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Microbiology and Immunology Nathaniel Moorman Thesis advisor Mark Heise Thesis advisor Stanley Lemon Thesis advisor Cary Moody Thesis advisor William Marzluff Thesis advisor Marty Ferris Thesis advisor text University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Degree granting institution Heather Vincent Creator Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine Regulation of mRNA Translation by Human Cytomegalovirus pTRS1 Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major public health burden. Acute infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital birth defects, and reactivation of a latent infection in immune compromised individuals can cause significant morbidity and mortality. HCMV does not encode its own ribosomes, and is therefore completely reliant on the host translation machinery for viral protein synthesis. HCMV also does not induce host translational shutoff upon infection, thus viral mRNAs must compete with cellular mRNAs to efficiently translate viral proteins. The HCMV protein TRS1 (pTRS1) plays an integral role in translation regulation during HCMV replication by antagonizing the antiviral kinase PKR. Activated PKR phosphorylates eIF2α, which causes an overall inhibition of protein synthesis that inhibits HCMV replication. pTRS1 also increases overall levels of protein synthesis and enhances the translation of reporter mRNAs in a PKR-independent manner, showing that pTRS1 regulates mRNA translation through multiple mechanisms. In this dissertation I sought to define the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to stimulate translation. In chapter 1 I show that pTRS1 inhibits PKR activation by binding to PKR and inhibiting PKR kinase activity. pTRS1 binds PKR residues that are conserved across eIF2α kinases, suggesting that pTRS1 can antagonize multiple eIF2α kinases. In chapter 2 I show that pTRS1 stimulates cap-independent translation. pTRS1 enhances the activity of both host and viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and stimulates translation of a circular mRNA reporter. These pTRS1 functions were independent of its ability to antagonize PKR, but dependent on its ability to bind double-stranded RNA. To understand how pTRS1 stimulates translation, in chapter 4 I identify ribosome-associated, cellular proteins that bind pTRS1. I found that pTRS1 interacts with active protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits. Rather than affect PP1 catalytic activity, pTRS1 changes the complement of proteins that interact with the PP1 alpha catalytic subunit, possibly to regulate PP1 substrate specificity. Together these data further characterize the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to regulate mRNA translation and reveal how pTRS1 may contribute to the efficient translation of viral mRNAs during HCMV infection. Virology Molecular biology Microbiology herpesvirus; human cytomegalovirus; mRNA translation; Protein kinase R; protein synthesis eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Microbiology and Immunology Nathaniel Moorman Thesis advisor Mark Heise Thesis advisor Stanley Lemon Thesis advisor Cary Moody Thesis advisor William Marzluff Thesis advisor Marty Ferris Thesis advisor text University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Degree granting institution 2018 2018-05 Heather Vincent Author Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine Regulation of mRNA Translation by Human Cytomegalovirus pTRS1 Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major public health burden. Acute infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital birth defects, and reactivation of a latent infection in immune compromised individuals can cause significant morbidity and mortality. HCMV does not encode its own ribosomes, and is therefore completely reliant on the host translation machinery for viral protein synthesis. HCMV also does not induce host translational shutoff upon infection, thus viral mRNAs must compete with cellular mRNAs to efficiently translate viral proteins. The HCMV protein TRS1 (pTRS1) plays an integral role in translation regulation during HCMV replication by antagonizing the antiviral kinase PKR. Activated PKR phosphorylates eIF2α, which causes an overall inhibition of protein synthesis that inhibits HCMV replication. pTRS1 also increases overall levels of protein synthesis and enhances the translation of reporter mRNAs in a PKR-independent manner, showing that pTRS1 regulates mRNA translation through multiple mechanisms. In this dissertation I sought to define the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to stimulate translation. In chapter 1 I show that pTRS1 inhibits PKR activation by binding to PKR and inhibiting PKR kinase activity. pTRS1 binds PKR residues that are conserved across eIF2α kinases, suggesting that pTRS1 can antagonize multiple eIF2α kinases. In chapter 2 I show that pTRS1 stimulates cap-independent translation. pTRS1 enhances the activity of both host and viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and stimulates translation of a circular mRNA reporter. These pTRS1 functions were independent of its ability to antagonize PKR, but dependent on its ability to bind double-stranded RNA. To understand how pTRS1 stimulates translation, in chapter 4 I identify ribosome-associated, cellular proteins that bind pTRS1. I found that pTRS1 interacts with active protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits. Rather than affect PP1 catalytic activity, pTRS1 changes the complement of proteins that interact with the PP1 alpha catalytic subunit, possibly to regulate PP1 substrate specificity. Together these data further characterize the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to regulate mRNA translation and reveal how pTRS1 may contribute to the efficient translation of viral mRNAs during HCMV infection. Spring 2018 2018 Virology Molecular biology Microbiology herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus, mRNA translation, Protein kinase R, protein synthesis eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School Degree granting institution Microbiology and Immunology Nathaniel Moorman Thesis advisor Mark Heise Thesis advisor Stanley Lemon Thesis advisor Cary Moody Thesis advisor William Marzluff Thesis advisor Marty Ferris Thesis advisor text Heather Vincent Author Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine Regulation of mRNA Translation by Human Cytomegalovirus pTRS1 Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major public health burden. Acute infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital birth defects, and reactivation of a latent infection in immune compromised individuals can cause significant morbidity and mortality. HCMV does not encode its own ribosomes, and is therefore completely reliant on the host translation machinery for viral protein synthesis. HCMV also does not induce host translational shutoff upon infection, thus viral mRNAs must compete with cellular mRNAs to efficiently translate viral proteins. The HCMV protein TRS1 (pTRS1) plays an integral role in translation regulation during HCMV replication by antagonizing the antiviral kinase PKR. Activated PKR phosphorylates eIF2α, which causes an overall inhibition of protein synthesis that inhibits HCMV replication. pTRS1 also increases overall levels of protein synthesis and enhances the translation of reporter mRNAs in a PKR-independent manner, showing that pTRS1 regulates mRNA translation through multiple mechanisms. In this dissertation I sought to define the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to stimulate translation. In chapter 1 I show that pTRS1 inhibits PKR activation by binding to PKR and inhibiting PKR kinase activity. pTRS1 binds PKR residues that are conserved across eIF2α kinases, suggesting that pTRS1 can antagonize multiple eIF2α kinases. In chapter 2 I show that pTRS1 stimulates cap-independent translation. pTRS1 enhances the activity of both host and viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and stimulates translation of a circular mRNA reporter. These pTRS1 functions were independent of its ability to antagonize PKR, but dependent on its ability to bind double-stranded RNA. To understand how pTRS1 stimulates translation, in chapter 4 I identify ribosome-associated, cellular proteins that bind pTRS1. I found that pTRS1 interacts with active protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits. Rather than affect PP1 catalytic activity, pTRS1 changes the complement of proteins that interact with the PP1 alpha catalytic subunit, possibly to regulate PP1 substrate specificity. Together these data further characterize the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to regulate mRNA translation and reveal how pTRS1 may contribute to the efficient translation of viral mRNAs during HCMV infection. Spring 2018 2018 Virology Molecular biology Microbiology herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus, mRNA translation, Protein kinase R, protein synthesis eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Microbiology and Immunology Nathaniel Moorman Thesis advisor Mark Heise Thesis advisor Stanley Lemon Thesis advisor Cary Moody Thesis advisor William Marzluff Thesis advisor Marty Ferris Thesis advisor text University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Degree granting institution Heather Vincent Creator Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major public health burden. Acute infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital birth defects, and reactivation of a latent infection in immune compromised individuals can cause significant morbidity and mortality. HCMV does not encode its own ribosomes, and is therefore completely reliant on the host translation machinery for viral protein synthesis. HCMV also does not induce host translational shutoff upon infection, thus viral mRNAs must compete with cellular mRNAs to efficiently translate viral proteins. The HCMV protein TRS1 (pTRS1) plays an integral role in translation regulation during HCMV replication by antagonizing the antiviral kinase PKR. Activated PKR phosphorylates eIF2α, which causes an overall inhibition of protein synthesis that inhibits HCMV replication. pTRS1 also increases overall levels of protein synthesis and enhances the translation of reporter mRNAs in a PKR-independent manner, showing that pTRS1 regulates mRNA translation through multiple mechanisms. In this dissertation I sought to define the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to stimulate translation. In chapter 1 I show that pTRS1 inhibits PKR activation by binding to PKR and inhibiting PKR kinase activity. pTRS1 binds PKR residues that are conserved across eIF2α kinases, suggesting that pTRS1 can antagonize multiple eIF2α kinases. In chapter 2 I show that pTRS1 stimulates cap-independent translation. pTRS1 enhances the activity of both host and viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and stimulates translation of a circular mRNA reporter. These pTRS1 functions were independent of its ability to antagonize PKR, but dependent on its ability to bind double-stranded RNA. To understand how pTRS1 stimulates translation, in chapter 4 I identify ribosome-associated, cellular proteins that bind pTRS1. I found that pTRS1 interacts with active protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits. Rather than affect PP1 catalytic activity, pTRS1 changes the complement of proteins that interact with the PP1 alpha catalytic subunit, possibly to regulate PP1 substrate specificity. Together these data further characterize the mechanisms used by pTRS1 to regulate mRNA translation and reveal how pTRS1 may contribute to the efficient translation of viral mRNAs during HCMV infection. 2018-05 2018 Virology Molecular biology Microbiology herpesvirus; human cytomegalovirus; mRNA translation; Protein kinase R; protein synthesis eng Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Nathaniel Moorman Thesis advisor Mark Heise Thesis advisor Stanley Lemon Thesis advisor Cary Moody Thesis advisor William Marzluff Thesis advisor Marty Ferris Thesis advisor text University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Degree granting institution Vincent_unc_0153D_17481.pdf uuid:3781a98a-dddc-46c8-8b04-3031d025cea1 2020-06-13T00:00:00 2018-02-07T15:53:00Z proquest application/pdf 14287681