Characterization and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Mutagenic Extracts of Aqueous Monochloraminated Fulvic Acid
Public Deposited- Last Modified
- February 28, 2019
- Creator
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Kanniganti, Rohini
- Affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- Abstract
- Although monochloramine has long been considered as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine, little is known about the by-products from its reactions with natural organics. In this study, the by-products of aqueous monochloraminated fulvic acid were characterized by Ames assays, Total Organic Halide (TOX) analyses and by fractionation on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In character and type, the by-products are very similar to those produced by chlorination. The mutagenic by-products were observed to be polar, acidic compounds that exhibited an increase in mutagenicity with increasing monochloramine dose. In addition, they were shown to be predominantly direct acting, base-pair substituting and electrophilic. The results of concurrent Ames assays and TOX analyses suggested that chlorinated compounds were responsible for the mutagenicity produced by monochloramination. Analyses of ether extracts by High Resolution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HRGC/MS) resulted in the identification and quantification of the potent bacterial mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) and its analogs E-2-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-4- oxobutenoic acid (EMX), E-2-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-butenedioic acid (ox-EMX) and 2,3-dichloro-4-oxobutenoic acid (mucochloric acid). MX,EMX and ox-EMX respectively accounted for 11%, 26% and 2% of the mutagenic activity of the monochloramination extracts. Several shortchain (C2-C9) aliphatic chlorinated organic acids, alcohols and aldehydes have also been tentatively identified of which di- and trichloroacetic acids, dichlorosuccinic acid and E-2-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-butenedioic acid (ox-EMX) have been confirmed and quantified. Of these, the alkenoic acids may be of toxicological significance due to their structural similarity to the open oxo-butenoic form of MX.
- Date of publication
- January 1990
- DOI
- Resource type
- Rights statement
- In Copyright
- Advisor
- Shiffman, Morris A.
- Charles, M. Judith
- Johnson, J. Donald
- Ball, Louise
- Degree
- Master of Science in Public Health
- Academic concentration
- Environmental Chemistry and Biology
- Degree granting institution
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Graduation year
- 1990
- Language
- Deposit record
- ad7e9272-7c4f-43e0-afeb-7a5f2526ad76
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