UNC-Chapel Hill Coronavirus Research

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A collection of articles and student papers related to coronaviruses that have been authored by researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Works (1035)

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661. SARS-CoV-2 testing in North Carolina: Racial, ethnic, and geographic disparities

Title Tesim:
SARS-CoV-2 testing in North Carolina: Racial, ethnic, and geographic disparities
Creator:
Boyce, R.M., Fleischauer, A., Bell, G.J., Wilson, E., Brandt, K., Aiello, A.E., Emch, M., Keeler, C., Goel, V., and Corbie-Smith, G.
Date of publication:
2021
Abstract Tesim:
SARS-CoV-2 testing data in North Carolina during the first three months of the state's COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed to determine if there were disparities among intersecting axes of identity including race, Latinx ethnicity, age, urban-rural residence, and residence in a medically underserved area. Demographic and residential data were used to reconstruct patterns of testing metrics (including tests per capita, positive tests per capita, and test positivity rate which is an indicator of sufficient testing) across race-ethnicity groups and urban-rural populations separately. Across the entire sample, 13.1% (38,750 of 295,642) of tests were positive. Within racial-ethnic groups, 11.5% of all tests were positive among non-Latinx (NL) Whites, 22.0% for NL Blacks, and 66.5% for people of Latinx ethnicity. The test positivity rate was higher among people living in rural areas across all racial-ethnic groups. These results suggest that in the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic, access to COVID-19 testing in North Carolina was not evenly distributed across racial-ethnic groups, especially in Latinx, NL Black and other historically marginalized populations, and further disparities existed within these groups by gender, age, urban-rural status, and residence in a medically underserved area.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Geography
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/hkw8-fg41
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102576
ISSN:
1353-8292
Journal Title:
Health & Place
Journal Volume:
69
Keyword:
North Carolina, Healthcare disparity, Public health surveillance, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and Rural communities
License Label:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States
Other Affiliation:
North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services
Person:
Boyce, R.M., Fleischauer, A., Bell, G.J., Wilson, E., Brandt, K., Aiello, A.E., Emch, M., Keeler, C., Goel, V., and Corbie-Smith, G.
Publisher:
Elsevier Ltd
Rights Statement Label:
In Copyright
Source:
covid_articles_06-07-2021_15

662. Alcohol‐Associated Liver Disease Before and After COVID‐19 – An Overview and Call for Ongoing Investigation

Title Tesim:
Alcohol‐Associated Liver Disease Before and After COVID‐19 – An Overview and Call for Ongoing Investigation
Creator:
Mandrekar, Pranoti, Fix, Oren K., Verna, Elizabeth C., Moon, Andrew M., Curtis, Brenda, and Singal, Ashwani K.
Date of publication:
2021
Abstract Tesim:
The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exacted a heavy toll on patients with alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD). The collective burden of ALD and AUD was large and growing prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. There is accumulating evidence that this pandemic has had a large direct effect on these patients and is likely to produce indirect effects via delays in care, psychological strain, and increased alcohol use. Now a year into the pandemic, it is important that clinicians fully understand the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with ALD and AUD. To fill existing gaps in knowledge, the scientific community must set research priorities for patients with ALD regarding their risk of COVID-19, prevention/treatment of COVID-19, changes in alcohol use during the pandemic, best use of AUD treatments in the COVID-19 era, and downstream effects of this pandemic on ALD. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has already inflicted disproportionate harms on patients with ALD and ongoing, focused research efforts will be critical to better understand the direct and collateral effects of this pandemic on ALD.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/n0ps-6n21
Edition:
Postprint
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1747
ISSN:
2471-254X
Journal Title:
Hepatology Communications
Keyword:
ALD, pandemic, AUD, SARS-CoV-2, and coronavirus
Other Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Columbia University, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program,, and University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine
Person:
Mandrekar, Pranoti, Fix, Oren K., Verna, Elizabeth C., Moon, Andrew M., Curtis, Brenda, and Singal, Ashwani K.
Rights Statement Label:
In Copyright
Source:
covid_articles_06-07-2021_14

663. Assessing the effect of beard hair lengths on face masks used as personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic

Title Tesim:
Assessing the effect of beard hair lengths on face masks used as personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic
Creator:
Berntsen, J., Bennett, W.D., Zeman, K.L., Tong, H., Chen, H., Prince, S.E., Samet, J.M., Masood, S., and Clapp, P.W.
Date of publication:
2021
Abstract Tesim:
Background Globally, a large percentage of men keep a beard at least occasionally. Workplace regulations prohibit beards with N95 respirators, but there is little information on the effect of beards with face masks worn by the public for protection against SARS-CoV-2. Methods and findings We examined the fitted filtration efficiency (FFE) of five commonly worn protective face masks as a function of beard length following the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration Quantitative Fit Test: N95 (respirator), KF94 and KN95, surgical/procedure, and cloth masks. A comparison using N95 respirators was carried out in shaven and bearded men. A detailed examination was conducted for beard lengths between 0 and 10 mm (0.5 mm increments). The effect of an exercise band covering the beard on FFE was also tested. Although N95 respirators showed considerable variability among bearded men, they had the highest FFE for beard lengths up to 10 mm. KF94 and KN95 masks lost up to 40% of their FFE. Procedure and cotton masks had poor performance even on bare skin (10–30% FFE) that did not change appreciably with beard length. Marked performance improvements were observed with an exercise band worn over the beard. Conclusions Though variable, N95 respirators offer the best respiratory protection for bearded men. While KF94 and KN95 FFE is compromised considerably by increasing beard length, they proved better options than procedure and cotton face masks. A simple exercise band improves FFE for face masks commonly used by bearded men during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology and Curriculum in Toxicology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/jpse-sm21
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00337-1
ISSN:
1559-0631
Journal Title:
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
Keyword:
intervention, respiratory protection, particles, mask, beard, and SARS-CoV-2
License Label:
Public Domain Mark 1.0
Other Affiliation:
TRC, US Environmental Protection Agency, and Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education
Person:
Berntsen, J., Bennett, W.D., Zeman, K.L., Tong, H., Chen, H., Prince, S.E., Samet, J.M., Masood, S., and Clapp, P.W.
Publisher:
Springer Nature
Rights Statement Label:
In Copyright
Source:
covid_articles_06-07-2021_13

664. A Simple HEPA Filtering Facepiece

Title Tesim:
A Simple HEPA Filtering Facepiece
Creator:
Berntsen, Jon, Martin, Andrew R., Finlay, Warren H., Sickbert-Bennett, Emily, Samet, James M., Clapp, Phillip W., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevention Epicenters Program, Ruzycki, Conor A., Zeman, Kirby L., Weber, David J., Wilson, Kenneth H., and Bennett, William D.
Date of publication:
2021
Abstract Tesim:
Shortages of efficient filtering facepiece respirators leave the public vulnerable to transmission of infectious diseases in small particle aerosols. This study demonstrates that a high-filtration-efficiency facepiece capable of filtering out >95% of 0.05μm particles while being worn can be simply produced with available materials.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Gillings School of Global Public Health
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/w0kc-9133
Edition:
Postprint
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2021.04.085
ISSN:
0196-6553
Journal Title:
American Journal of Infection Control
Keyword:
aerosols, airborne particulate matter, N95 respirator, communicable disease transmission, COVID-19, mask, and personal protective equipment
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
TRC, University of Alberta, , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Duke University Medical Center
Person:
Berntsen, Jon, Martin, Andrew R., Finlay, Warren H., Sickbert-Bennett, Emily, Samet, James M., Clapp, Phillip W., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevention Epicenters Program, Ruzycki, Conor A., Zeman, Kirby L., Weber, David J., Wilson, Kenneth H., and Bennett, William D.
Rights Statement Label:
In Copyright
Source:
covid_articles_06-07-2021_12

665. β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Through Lethal Mutagenesis But Is Also Mutagenic To Mammalian Cells

Title Tesim:
β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Through Lethal Mutagenesis But Is Also Mutagenic To Mammalian Cells
Creator:
Swanstrom, Ronald, Tse, Longping V, Hill, Collin S, Heise, Mark T, Sarkar, Sanjay, Schinazi, Raymond F, Baric, Ralph S, Zhou, Shuntai, Sheahan, Timothy P, and Woodburn, Blaide M D
Date of publication:
2021
Abstract Tesim:
Mutagenic ribonucleosides can act as broad-based antiviral agents. They are metabolized to the active ribonucleoside triphosphate form and concentrate in the genomes of RNA viruses during viral replication. β-D-N 4-hydroxycytidine (NHC, the initial metabolite of molnupiravir) is more than 100-fold more active than ribavirin or favipiravir against SARS-CoV-2, with antiviral activity correlated to the level of mutagenesis in virion RNA. However, NHC also displays host mutational activity in an animal cell culture assay, consistent with RNA and DNA precursors sharing a common intermediate of a ribonucleoside diphosphate. These results indicate that highly active mutagenic ribonucleosides may hold risk for the host.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Genetics, and Department of Pharmacology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/6dxx-nz91
Edition:
Postprint
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab247
ISSN:
0022-1899
Journal Title:
The Journal of Infectious Diseases
Keyword:
SARS-CoV-2, molnupiravir, mutagenicity, and NHC
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
and Emory University School of Medicine
Person:
Swanstrom, Ronald, Tse, Longping V, Hill, Collin S, Heise, Mark T, Sarkar, Sanjay, Schinazi, Raymond F, Baric, Ralph S, Zhou, Shuntai, Sheahan, Timothy P, and Woodburn, Blaide M D
Rights Statement Label:
In Copyright
Source:
covid_articles_06-07-2021_11

666. Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes

Title Tesim:
Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes
Creator:
Tanno, Yuri, Javanmardi, Kamyab, Hou, Yixuan J., Boutz, Daniel R., McLellan, Jason S., Pickens, Whitney, Person, Maria D., Towers, Dalton M., Lee, Justin, Baric, Ralph S., Sambhara, Suryaprakash, Voss, William N., Paresi, Chelsea J., Finkelstein, Ilya J., Delidakis, George, Abbasi, Shawn A., Kim, Jin Eyun, Gangappa, Shivaprakash, Herbert, Andrew, Wang, Nianshuang, Ippolito, Gregory C., Bartzoka, Foteini, Goike, Jule, George, Katia, Pohl, Jan, Chou, Chia-Wei, Batra, Dhwani, Lavinder, Jason J., Dye, John, Rowe, Lori, Horton, Andrew P., Iverson, Brent L., Georgiou, George, Johnson, Nicole V., Billick, Daniel, Gollihar, Jimmy D., McDaniel, Jonathan R., and Gadush, Michelle
Date of publication:
2021
Abstract Tesim:
The molecular composition and binding epitopes of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that circulate in blood plasma following SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown. Proteomic deconvolution of the IgG repertoire to the spike glycoprotein in convalescent subjects revealed that the response is directed predominantly (>80%) against epitopes residing outside the receptor-binding domain (RBD). In one subject, just four IgG lineages accounted for 93.5% of the response, including an N-terminal domain (NTD)-directed antibody that was protective against lethal viral challenge. Genetic, structural, and functional characterization of a multi-donor class of “public” antibodies revealed an NTD epitope that is recurrently mutated among emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. These data show that “public” NTD-directed and other non-RBD plasma antibodies are prevalent and have implications for SARS-CoV-2 protection and antibody escape.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Epidemiology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/jab8-r027
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg5268 and PMID 33947773
ISSN:
0036-8075, 1095-9203
Journal Title:
Science
Person:
Tanno, Yuri, Javanmardi, Kamyab, Hou, Yixuan J., Boutz, Daniel R., McLellan, Jason S., Pickens, Whitney, Person, Maria D., Towers, Dalton M., Lee, Justin, Baric, Ralph S., Sambhara, Suryaprakash, Voss, William N., Paresi, Chelsea J., Finkelstein, Ilya J., Delidakis, George, Abbasi, Shawn A., Kim, Jin Eyun, Gangappa, Shivaprakash, Herbert, Andrew, Wang, Nianshuang, Ippolito, Gregory C., Bartzoka, Foteini, Goike, Jule, George, Katia, Pohl, Jan, Chou, Chia-Wei, Batra, Dhwani, Lavinder, Jason J., Dye, John, Rowe, Lori, Horton, Andrew P., Iverson, Brent L., Georgiou, George, Johnson, Nicole V., Billick, Daniel, Gollihar, Jimmy D., McDaniel, Jonathan R., and Gadush, Michelle
Rights Statement Label:
In Copyright
Source:
covid_articles_06-07-2021_10

667. Mental health among healthcare personnel during COVID-19 in Asia: A systematic review

Title Tesim:
Mental health among healthcare personnel during COVID-19 in Asia: A systematic review
Creator:
Thatrimontrichai, A., Weber, D.J., and Apisarnthanarak, A.
Date of publication:
2021
Abstract Tesim:
The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with an insidious wave of psychological stress among healthcare personnel (HCP) in Asia. Mental exhaustion, burnout, fear, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and psychological stress among HCPs have intensified a daunting challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic. The consequences of such stress may negatively impact patient and HCP safety. This review article reports the associations of mental health status attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic among HCP and their impact on patient safety, and infection prevention and control practices during pandemics.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Division of Infectious Diseases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/cvdc-xh69
Edition:
Postprint
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2021.01.023
ISSN:
0929-6646
Journal Title:
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
Keyword:
Healthcare workers, Infection control, Mental health, COVID-19, and Fear
License Label:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
Prince of Songkla University, , and Thammasat University Hospital
Person:
Thatrimontrichai, A., Weber, D.J., and Apisarnthanarak, A.
Publisher:
Elsevier B.V.
Rights Statement Label:
In Copyright
Source:
covid_articles_06-07-2021_9

668. COVID-19 and liver disease: mechanistic and clinical perspectives

Title Tesim:
COVID-19 and liver disease: mechanistic and clinical perspectives
Creator:
Stamataki, Z., Barnes, E., Webb, G.J., Barritt, A.S., IV, Moon, A.M., Marjot, T., and Wong, V.W.
Date of publication:
2021
Abstract Tesim:
Our understanding of the hepatic consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has evolved rapidly since the onset of the pandemic. In this Review, we discuss the hepatotropism of SARS-CoV-2, including the differential expression of viral receptors on liver cell types, and we describe the liver histology features present in patients with COVID-19. We also provide an overview of the pattern and relevance of abnormal liver biochemistry during COVID-19 and present the possible underlying direct and indirect mechanisms for liver injury. Furthermore, large international cohorts have been able to characterize the disease course of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease. Patients with cirrhosis have particularly high rates of hepatic decompensation and death following SARS-CoV-2 infection and we outline hypotheses to explain these findings, including the possible role of cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction. This finding contrasts with outcome data in pharmacologically immunosuppressed patients after liver transplantation who seem to have comparatively better outcomes from COVID-19 than those with advanced liver disease. Finally, we discuss the approach to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with cirrhosis and after liver transplantation and predict how changes in social behaviours and clinical care pathways during the pandemic might lead to increased liver disease incidence and severity. © 2021, Springer Nature Limited.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/gs56-5017
Identifier:
PMID 33692570 and https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41575-021-00426-4
ISSN:
1759-5045
Journal Issue:
5
Journal Title:
Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Journal Volume:
18
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
University of Birmingham, University of Oxford, Cambridge University Hospitals, , and The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Page End:
364
Page Start:
348
Person:
Stamataki, Z., Barnes, E., Webb, G.J., Barritt, A.S., IV, Moon, A.M., Marjot, T., and Wong, V.W.
Publisher:
Nature Research
Rights Statement Label:
In Copyright
Source:
covid_articles_06-07-2021_8

669. Correcting COVID-19 vaccine misinformation: Lancet Commission on COVID-19 Vaccines and Therapeutics Task Force Members*

Title Tesim:
Correcting COVID-19 vaccine misinformation: Lancet Commission on COVID-19 Vaccines and Therapeutics Task Force Members*
Creator:
Sheahan, T., Yadav, P., Hassanain, M., Kang, G., Wilder-Smith, A., Bottazzi, M.E., Lall, B., Figueroa, J.P., Gursel, M., Batista, C., Gilbert, S., Ergonul, O., Shoham, S., Strub-Wourgaft, N., Kim, J.H., Naniche, D., Hotez, P., and Larson, H.
Date of publication:
2021
Abstract Tesim:
Here we provide a brief “primer” to assist healthcare providers in correcting a growing body of misinformation surrounding COVID-19 vaccines.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
Department of Epidemiology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/htxb-an45
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100780
ISSN:
2589-5370
Journal Title:
EClinicalMedicine
Journal Volume:
33
Keyword:
proof of concept, gene sequence, PER.C6 cell line, genetic manipulation, medical education, HEK293 cell line, misinformation, microchip analysis, vaccine hesitancy, drug approval, China, immunization, drug efficacy, anxiety, vaccination, treatment refusal, mobile application, drug safety, anti-vaccination movement, European Union, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human, Note, abortion, scientist, social distancing, adverse event, software, United States, health care personnel, and coronavirus disease 2019
License Label:
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States
Person:
Sheahan, T., Yadav, P., Hassanain, M., Kang, G., Wilder-Smith, A., Bottazzi, M.E., Lall, B., Figueroa, J.P., Gursel, M., Batista, C., Gilbert, S., Ergonul, O., Shoham, S., Strub-Wourgaft, N., Kim, J.H., Naniche, D., Hotez, P., and Larson, H.
Publisher:
Lancet Publishing Group
Rights Statement Label:
In Copyright
Source:
covid_articles_06-07-2021_7

670. Patient-Powered Research Networks of the Autoimmune Research Collaborative: Rationale, Capacity, and Future Directions

Title Tesim:
Patient-Powered Research Networks of the Autoimmune Research Collaborative: Rationale, Capacity, and Future Directions
Creator:
Dobes, A., Cerciello, E., Kappelman, M.D., Shaw, D.G., Merkel, P.A., Venkatachalam, S., Nowell, W.B., Young, K., McBurney, R.N., Kolaczkowski, L., and Curtis, J.R.
Date of publication:
2021
Abstract Tesim:
Patient-Powered Research Networks (PPRNs) are US-based registry infrastructures co-created by advocacy groups, patient research partners, academic investigators, and other healthcare stakeholders. Patient-Powered Research Networks collect information directly from patients to conduct and disseminate the results of patient-centered/powered research that helps patients make more informed decisions about their healthcare. Patient-Powered Research Networks gather and utilize real-world data and patient-reported outcomes to conduct comparative effectiveness, safety, and other research, and leverage the Internet to accomplish this effectively and efficiently. Four PPRNs focused on autoimmune and immune-mediated conditions formed the Autoimmune Research Collaborative: ArthritisPower (rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, and other rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases), IBD Partners (inflammatory bowel disease), iConquerMS (multiple sclerosis), and the Vasculitis PPRN (vasculitis). The Autoimmune Research Collaborative aims to inform the healthcare decision making of patients, care partners, and other stakeholders, such as clinicians, regulators, and payers. Illustrated by practical applications from the Autoimmune Research Collaborative and its constituent PPRNs, this article discusses the shared capacities and challenges of the PPRN model, and the opportunities presented by collaborating across autoimmune conditions to design, conduct, and disseminate patient-centered outcomes research.
Resource type:
Article
Affiliation Label Tesim:
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17615/9t53-3s75
Edition:
Publisher
Identifier:
PMID 33904145 and https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40271-021-00515-1
ISSN:
1178-1653
Journal Title:
Patient
License Label:
Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 United States
ORCID:
Other Affiliation:
Crohn's and Colitis Foundation, , Vasculitis Foundation, University of Pennsylvania, Global Healthy Living Foundation, Accelerated Cure Project, and University of Alabama at Birmingham
Person:
Dobes, A., Cerciello, E., Kappelman, M.D., Shaw, D.G., Merkel, P.A., Venkatachalam, S., Nowell, W.B., Young, K., McBurney, R.N., Kolaczkowski, L., and Curtis, J.R.
Publisher:
Adis
Rights Statement Label:
In Copyright
Source:
covid_articles_06-07-2021_6